Deck 6: Native Americans: From Conquest to Tribal Survival in a Postindustrial Society

Question 1

In renditions of ______, Native Americans are often portrayed as bucks and squaws, complete with headdresses, bows, tepees, and other "generic" Native artifacts.

A) "The Noble Red Man"
B) "The Red Savage"
C) "The Proud Chief"
D) "The Warrior"
E) "The Red Rebel"

Answer 1

A

Question 2

In 2004, the Native American Church's right to use ______ was upheld by the Supreme Court of Utah.

A) tobacco
B) marijuana
C) peyote
D) LSD
E) hemp

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following statements about Native Americans in the United States is true?

A) About two thirds of Native American children attend segregated schools.
B) Native Americans are overrepresented in more lucrative professions.
C) Less than 1% of all Native Americans hold a seat in an elected office.
D) The poverty rate for all Native American families is less than the national rate.
E) About 50% of young Native Americans hold a college degree.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The concept of private property among Native Americans ______.

A) was highly developed
B) applied only to land, not livestock or other living things
C) applied only to horses, buffalo, and articles of clothing
D) did not exist
E) varied greatly, according to many tribes

Question 5

Women in Native American tribes ______.

A) often held important economic and political roles
B) were always subordinates to men
C) held economic power sometimes but never political power
D) were excluded from all forms of gardening and farming
E) could not be healers or teachers

Question 6

Native reservations were managed by ______.

A) elected tribal members
B) the Bureau of Indian Affairs
C) the Office of Indian Trade
D) the Bureau of American Affairs
E) the Bureau of Tribal Reservation Affairs

Question 7

In the early reservation period, tribal membership was determined by ______.

A) the tribes
B) the U.S. army
C) the women of the tribe
D) the Bureau of Indian Affairs
E) records of ancestry

Question 8

As a result of the Dawes Act of 1887, Native Americans ______.

A) were barred from dominant school groups
B) lost the right to vote
C) lost most of their land
D) were barred from joining the U.S. army
E) became increasingly independent

Question 9

The function of boarding schools for Native Americans was to ______.

A) help Native youth learn about their culture and communal ties
B) give Native youth the opportunity to grow in speaking their native languages
C) provide skills training for Native youth to enter the economy
D) provide a space for Native youth to learn about American history
E) enforce Americanization of Native youth

Question 10

In order to be governed by the provisions of the Indian Reorganization Act, tribes were required to ______.

A) sign peace treaties
B) move to Oklahoma
C) give up their remaining land
D) adopt a constitution and hold elections
E) honor and obey tribal elders

Question 11

The federal policy of termination was intended to encourage ______.

A) pluralism
B) a return to the system of private land ownership imposed on the tribes
C) the economic development of reservations
D) Native Americans to leave cities and return to their traditional homelands
E) increased control by the federal government

Question 12

The Trail of Broken Treaties was a protest march to ______.

A) Washington, D.C.
B) Wounded Knee, South Dakota
C) Alcatraz Island, San Francisco
D) the Navaho reservation in Arizona
E) Chicago, Illinois

Question 13

In what way did the Red Power movement lead to more assimilation?

A) The federal government was successfully forced to honor all treaty obligations.
B) Native Americans from different tribes had to find common bonds in order to work together.
C) Loyalty to tribal traditions was strengthened.
D) Younger Native Americans were alienated from the more assimilated older generation.
E) Militant Native American women joined forces with the women's liberation movement.

Question 14

The Council of Energy Resource Tribes (CERT) was founded by 25 Native American tribes in order to ______.

A) organize gambling on reservations
B) develop outdoor recreational facilities on reservations
C) improve the educational and health-care facilities on reservations
D) manage and develop the natural resources controlled by tribes
E) prevent the dumping of toxic waste on reservations

Question 15

The National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) was managed by ______.

A) the Red Power movement
B) the Bureau of Indian Affairs
C) members from many different tribes
D) members from the principal tribe
E) only Native Americans who served in the military

Question 16

Which of the following was an outcome of the Indian Reorganization Act?

A) land loss and welfare dependency
B) Native Americans were able to stabilize their access to land.
C) The federal government withdrew support for reservations.
D) Tribes gained political power if they adopted Anglo-American political forms.
E) Native Americans were incorporated into the urban labor market.

Question 17

On Native American reservations, unemployment ______.

A) rarely exceeds 10%
B) has been declining rapidly in recent years
C) is unmeasured because no statistics are kept
D) has risen to a range of 70-80% on the smaller, more isolated reservations
E) is not a problem

Question 18

Sending Native American children to boarding schools is one way coercive acculturation was "achieved." Within these schools, tribal languages, dress, and religion were forbidden, and Native American culture was generally discouraged. Which theory or hypothesis would most likely have predicted this?

A) Blauner hypothesis
B) Noel hypothesis
C) culture of poverty theory
D) Marxist theory
E) acculturation theory

Question 19

The rate of intermarriage for Native Americans is ______.

A) quite low but higher than the rate for African Americans
B) highest on the East Coast and lowest in the mountain states
C) quite high compared to other groups
D) about the same as the rate for other groups
E) unmeasured because no statistics are kept

Question 20

Which of the following occurred as a result of the government's policy of termination?

A) In general, Native Americans celebrated not being under the rule of the federal government any longer.
B) Native American land was given back to Native American tribes.
C) Native American land was placed in private hands.
D) About 100 tribes were terminated.
E) Women were encouraged to work in private industry as nurses and secretaries.

Question 21

Which of the following is true of the Red Power movement?

A) AIM avoided formal organizing efforts, such as marches.
B) Since the early 1980s, the level of protest activity by Native Americans has increased.
C) The Red Power movement discouraged pan-tribal unity.
D) In 1973, AIM successfully occupied the village of Wounded Knee to protest the violation of treaty rights.
E) The Red Power movement opposed self-determination for diverse tribes.

Question 22

As opposed to African Americans and many other minority groups, Native Americans have been more interested in ______.

A) pluralism
B) acculturation
C) integration
D) paternalistic competition
E) segregation

Question 23

Which of the following statements about Native Americans is true?

A) The level of residential segregation among Native Americans increased between 1980 and 2000.
B) California, Minnesota, and North Dakota have the largest concentration of Native Americans.
C) The number of Native Americans holding elected office reached 17 in 2004.
D) The rate of out-marriage for Native Americans is quite high compared with other groups.
E) The unemployment rate for Native Americans is on par with the national average for all groups.

Question 24

The vast cultural differences between Native Americans and Western society drove attempts of coercive acculturation by colonizers. This observation would most likely be made by which social theorist?

A) Weber
B) Noel
C) Lenski
D) Blauner
E) Marx

Question 25

Native Americans have been able to preserve their traditions in ways African Americans have not due to ______.

A) African American desires of acculturation
B) Native Americans' use of English to convey their grievances
C) the survival of the tribal unit
D) a migration of Native Americans into urban centers
E) the Red Power movement starting earlier than Black Power

Question 26

Most U.S. history textbooks credit ______ for the discovery of the land known as America.

A) Native Americans
B) Mexicans
C) Europeans
D) Africans
E) North Americans

Question 27

The creation of the Western gender binary can be attributed to ______.

A) findings in biological research
B) histories of matriarchal traditions
C) the group-oriented nature of Western society
D) interpretations of the story of Adam and Eve
E) an attempt to distinguish Western culture from Native culture

Question 28

A decrease in explicit anti-Native prejudice in society indicates ______.

A) a shift toward modern racism
B) progress in the race relations cycle
C) a move from acculturation to integration
D) a decrease in barriers to competition
E) that rigid competitive systems remain intact

Question 29

Native American cultures tend to understand humans as ______.

A) no more important than other animals, plants, or the earth itself
B) skilled hunter-gatherers
C) positioned to cultivate profit from landownership
D) more developed than other organisms
E) designed to dominate and subdue natural resources for human development

Question 30

The Red Power movement was required to strike a balance between ______ in order to best advocate for tribal rights and sovereignty.

A) protest and policy
B) integration and assimilation
C) structural and cultural pluralism
D) separatism and pluralism
E) assimilation and pluralism

Question 31

Which of the following resulted from the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act?

A) The federal government withdrew support for reservations.
B) Native Americans were able to stabilize their access to land.
C) Tribes were granted increased control over the administration of reservations.
D) Native Americans were incorporated into the urban labor market.
E) land loss and welfare dependency

Question 32

Stereotypes of Native Americans being "savages" motivated efforts toward their extermination and are maintained by observations of their subordinated status on the reservations. This statement supports which theoretical perspective?

A) the Noel hypothesis
B) the importance of the contact situation
C) Blauner's hypothesis
D) Myrdal's vicious cycle
E) the segmented assimilation perspective

Question 33

The necessity of members of the Red Power movement to become fluent in English, law, and policy in order to advocate for tribal autonomy supports which of the following conclusions about assimilation?

A) Assimilation is desirable and possible for all groups.
B) Assimilation is a linear process that takes a long time to conclude.
C) Minority groups must undergo acculturation before structural integration.
D) Assimilation can be segmented for different groups.
E) Assimilation and pluralism can occur simultaneously.

Question 34

Efforts to develop Native American reservations have focused on creating jobs by ______.

A) supporting tribes in developing enclave economies
B) attracting industry with an incentive of a low-wage labor pool
C) creating autonomous farming systems
D) supporting tribal leaders in accessing managerial positions in companies
E) investing in the infrastructure of the reservations

Question 35

The Great Sioux Nation tribes protested the construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline because the pipeline ______.

A) threatened the economic growth of the tribes
B) was not as safe as other pipelines
C) would threaten populous residential areas
D) threatened sacred land and burial sites
E) was unlikely to create job opportunities

Question 36

The varying frameworks of gender between tribes support which conclusion about gender?

A) Gender exists in a binary of man and woman.
B) Gender is socially constructed.
C) Gender is connected to sexual orientation.
D) Gender is based on biological differences.
E) Gender is informed by religious beliefs.

Question 37

Rates of out-marriage for Native Americans are quite high compared with other groups due to ______.

A) Native Americans' desire to be Americanized
B) marriage providing opportunities for upward mobility
C) an increase in acceptance of interracial marriage
D) the small size of Native populations in urban areas
E) the concentration of Native Americans on reservations

Question 38

The operation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs on Native reservations represents a ______ system of group relations.

A) plantation
B) paternalistic
C) rigid competitive
D) fluid competitive
E) pluralistic

Question 39

"Native Americans' subsistence technology was based on hunting and gathering, which shaped their group-oriented dynamics." This observation would most likely be made by which social theorist?

A) Weber
B) Lenski
C) Marx
D) Gordon
E) Hill Collins

Question 40

The secondary structural assimilation of Native Americans is low; on many measures of quality of life, they are the most impoverished American minority group. Which theoretical perspective best explains this phenomenon?

A) the Noel hypothesis
B) the importance of the contact situation
C) Blauner's hypothesis
D) Myrdal's vicious cycle
E) the segmented assimilation perspective

Question 41

The main goal of Native Americans was to integrate into mainstream society as quickly as possible.

Question 42

Under the Dawes Act, Native Americans lost significant portions of their land, and much of what remained was of poor quality.

Question 43

Boarding schools were successful in fully inculcating Anglo values, ethics, and religion to Native children.

Question 44

The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 rescinded the Dawes Allotment Act and reduced the paternalism formerly imposed on Native Americans.

Question 45

The focus of the Red Power movement was to assimilate Native Americans with White Americans.

Question 46

Many of the treaties established during the 1800s have been broken, although some tribes have had success with regaining treaty rights through the court system.

Question 47

The relative status of Native Americans in the United States improved significantly in the last decade of the 20th century, and most Americans view them more positively.

Question 48

Many Native Americans are offended by the nicknames of athletic teams, such as the Cleveland Indians or Atlanta Braves, and the use of tomahawk chops and Native mascots, while the public dismisses these things as "trivial."

Question 49

About 20% of all Native Americans in the continental United States speak a language other than English at home.

Question 50

Native Americans began to urbanize rapidly in the 1950s but are still less urbanized than the national population. In fact, they are the least urbanized minority group in the United States.

Question 51

Although the number of Native Americans enrolled in college has increased, the percentage of Native Americans who actually graduate from high school and college is still well below the national average.

Question 52

Programs under the Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) included opportunities for women that helped prepare them for jobs off the reservation in the fields of nursing and clerical work.

Question 53

From a Western perspective, the division of labor in Native American societies was "backward." Thus, White military representatives tended to ignore women tribal leaders.

Question 54

The Bureau of Indian Affairs has tried to take into consideration the needs of various tribes by asking tribal leaders for their input regarding policy.

Question 55

The Self-Determination Act of 1975 primarily benefited smaller, less well-organized tribes.

Question 56

In popular culture, Native Americans have not yet enjoyed an upsurge of popularity and sympathetic portrayals.

Question 57

Contemporary Native Americans continue to be limited by poverty, powerlessness, prejudice, and discrimination.

Question 58

Native Americans have been oriented toward a pluralistic relationship with the larger society.

Question 59

Native Americans have been more successful than African Americans in preserving their traditional cultures.

Question 60

Native American languages are in danger of disappearing as generations continue to change.

Question 61

The commonalities between Native American and Anglo cultures have created relatively easy means of communication between groups.

Question 62

Native American conceptions about the land were easily translated into Americanized ideas about private property.

Question 63

The aim of the contact situation with Native Americans was their extermination and the colonization of their land.

Question 64

Native Americans have been unable to resist coercive Americanization.

Question 65

The two-spirit people in many Native tribes challenge the Western idea of the gender binary.

Question 66

Schools for Native Americans were primarily focused on education and not on "Westernizing" children.

Question 67

The stereotypes attached to Native Americans and African Americans during the early years of European colonization are similar.

Question 68

Native Americans are highly individualistic, rather than group-oriented.

Question 69

After the 1890s, Native Americans lived on reservations under a paternalistic system of government.

Question 70

Over the past century, Native Americans have become increasingly rural.

Question 71

"Whereas African Americans had been exploited for their labor, Native Americans were exploited for their land." Explain this statement. What other differences emerged between African Americans and Native Americans due to their differing contact situations?

Question 72

The different contact situations for Native Americans and African Americans have led to differences in the dominant political goals of each group. Explain these differences and identify opportunities or possibilities for collaboration between groups.

Question 73

Describe and discuss the Dawes Act of 1887 and the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. How did these acts impact Native Americans?

Question 74

What were the most important cultural differences between Native American tribes and the dominant society? How did these differences shape the contact situation and ensuing group relations?

Question 75

What processes have made it more likely for Native Americans to retain their culture in comparison to other colonized groups, such as African Americans?

Question 76

In what ways have Native Americans continued to be limited by poverty, powerlessness, prejudice, and discrimination? How does this differ within various Native American communities?

Question 77

Describe the effects of paternalism and coercive acculturation on Native Americans. Explain how these processes have shaped the history and future of the group.

Question 78

Characterize the contemporary status of Native Americans in terms of acculturation, secondary structural integration, and primary structural assimilation. How has the reservation shaped these processes? How do Native Americans compare with African Americans?

Question 79

Explain this statement: "The Red Power movement was partly assimilationist even though it pursued pluralistic goals and greater autonomy for the tribes."

Question 80

Explain the changes that transpired over the course of the 20th century after the enactment of federal Native American policies. How did these changes affect the tribes? What role did the Native American protest movement play in prompting change?