Deck 4: Industrialization and Dominantminority Relations: From Slavery to Segregation and the Coming of Postindustrial Society

Question 1

The ______ Amendment to the Constitution, passed in 1870, stated that the right to vote cannot be denied on the grounds of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude."

A) 16th
B) 15th
C) 14th
D) 13th
E) 19th

Answer 1

B

Question 2

By 1930, 90% of employed Black women were still in which of the following two occupational categories?

A) agricultural and factory work
B) domestic and agricultural work
C) factory and domestic work
D) clerical and personal service work
E) agricultural and clerical work

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following occurs in fluid competitive systems?

A) In fluid competitive systems, the division of labor is simple and does not vary greatly within groups.
B) Both geographic and social mobility are lessened in fluid competitive systems.
C) Fluid competitive systems are more closed, and the position of the minority group is more fixed.
D) In fluid competitive systems, fear of competition from minority groups diminishes.
E) In fluid competitive systems, intergroup conflict increases.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Because they stress ______, bureaucracies can counteract the more blatant forms of discrimination and increase the opportunities available to minority group members.

A) rationality and objectivity
B) racial equity
C) the importance of ability
D) equality of opportunity
E) addressing past racial harms

Question 5

Assembly line jobs that transform various materials into finished automobiles are an example of jobs in the ______ sector.

A) primary
B) secondary
C) structural
D) production
E) proletariat

Question 6

As societies industrialize, dominant-minority relations move from ______.

A) paternalistic to competitive
B) peaceful to conflict-oriented
C) equal to unequal
D) segregation to slavery
E) agrarian to paternalistic

Question 7

Which would you expect to find in a rigid competitive system of group relations?

A) minority groups competing with dominant groups for jobs and other valued commodities
B) decreased residential segregation
C) handicapping of the majority group by the minority in order to preserve their advantage
D) decreased hostility as competition increases
E) dominant groups seeking to improve the minority group's job benefits

Question 8

The period of Reconstruction that followed the Civil War was a time of ______.

A) opportunity for Black southerners
B) bitter conflict and struggle between Blacks and European immigrants in the South
C) great repression and racism in the South
D) rapid movement of Black southerners to the urban North
E) opportunity for White southerners

Question 9

Which of the following is true about the period of Reconstruction?

A) African Americans in the South could not vote or hold political office.
B) Black Southerners did not take advantage of the 15th Amendment to the Constitution.
C) African Americans in the South opened many small businesses and schools, could vote, and held political office.
D) African Americans in the South could not purchase land or houses or start businesses.
E) The Freedman's Bureau was used to halt racial freedom in the defeated Confederacy.

Question 10

Following Reconstruction, the South was characterized by ______.

A) African Americans becoming the dominant class
B) a rigid caste system due to the Jim Crow laws
C) an end to the plantation system and urbanization
D) an end to the White class system
E) increasing opportunity for African Americans

Question 11

By 1910, Black labor in the United States was most characterized by ______.

A) agricultural work and domestic work
B) factory work
C) sales and business work
D) skilled craftsmen or artisans
E) small business proprietors

Question 12

As de jure segregation formed and solidified in the South, ______.

A) levels of residential separation between the races decreased
B) levels of prejudice and racism increased
C) lynchings virtually ceased to occur
D) African Americans began moving from the North back to the South
E) levels of education and economic opportunity increased for African Americans

Question 13

In ______, the Supreme Court established the "separate but equal" doctrine.

A) Dred Scott v. Sanford
B) Roe v. Wade
C) Plessy v. Ferguson
D) Marvin v. Mitchell
E) Amistad v. Virginia

Question 14

Whites created restrictive voting measures for African Americans under Jim Crow because ______.

A) they were attempting to curtail voter fraud
B) Black Americans had yet to obtain the right to vote
C) they were hoping to create a more informed electorate
D) Black people did not understand how to participate in the system
E) they were threatened by Black political power during Reconstruction

Question 15

Urbanization created the potential for ______.

A) minority groups to mobilize and organize large numbers of people
B) de facto segregation to decrease
C) the dissemination of populations
D) the empowerment of the dominant group
E) the creation of new systems of paternalism

Question 16

______ founded the Tuskegee Institute and advised African Americans in the South to take a nonconfrontational stance toward Jim Crow and focus on education and job skills.

A) George Washington Carver
B) Booker T. Washington
C) W. E. B. Du Bois
D) Marcus Garvey
E) Stanley Lieberson

Question 17

______ was a primary opponent of Booker T. Washington and is argued by many to be the father of American sociology.

A) Stanley Lieberson
B) George Washington Carver
C) W. E. B. Du Bois
D) Marcus Garvey
E) A. Philip Randolph

Question 18

______ was born in Jamaica and advocated the return of Black Americans to Africa.

A) George Washington Carver
B) Booker T. Washington
C) W. E. B. Du Bois
D) Marcus Garvey
E) A. Philip Randolph

Question 19

The shift to ______ has weakened formal racial and gender barriers.

A) fixed competitive group relations
B) primary economic relations
C) secondary economic relations
D) fluid competitive group relations
E) pluralistic group relations

Question 20

How did the Great Migration of Blacks to the North affect White immigrants?

A) It improved the status of White immigrants by providing a comparison that made them seem more desirable.
B) It created a sociable environment between immigrant groups and newly arriving Blacks.
C) It created a multicultural community of immigrant Whites and newly arriving Blacks who struggled together against the dominant group.
D) It weakened the status of White immigrants by providing a comparison that made them seem less desirable.
E) White immigrants faced discrimination in the urban North.

Question 21

During the Jim Crow era, Whites and Blacks were extremely segregated. While the free Black electorate threatened the political and economic dominance of elite White society, Whites still wanted--and needed--Black labor. Which theory best explains segregation under these conditions?

A) the Blauner hypothesis
B) the Noel hypothesis
C) the culture of poverty theory
D) intersectionality theory
E) Marxist theory

Question 22

Which of the following best exemplifies de jure segregation?

A) the different living conditions between Whites and Blacks under the plantation system
B) Whites and Blacks choosing to live in different neighborhoods
C) customs suggesting that Blacks should act differently than Whites
D) laws requiring Blacks to use different water fountains than Whites
E) Whites and Blacks choosing to attend different schools

Question 23

According to the chapter text, the Great Migration of Blacks to the North had which of the following effects on African Americans?

A) an increase in Black political power
B) encounters with de jure segregation
C) an inability for African American culture to flourish
D) less housing-related discrimination against African Americans
E) less discrimination toward African Americans in the job market

Question 24

What are the parallels between Jim Crow segregation and South African apartheid?

A) Both were deliberately constructed by the dominant group to control the minority group.
B) Blacks benefited from a cheap labor supply in agriculture.
C) Protests by minority groups were encouraged and allowed under both systems.
D) Both systems encouraged minority groups to fully participate in public and civic activities.
E) Jim Crow segregation and the South African apartheid were legally banished in the 1960s.

Question 25

Which of the following best describes the practice of sharecropping?

A) a system of farming where Blacks and Whites established elaborate rituals of crop exchange, similar to the etiquette rituals of the antebellum South
B) a system of farming, primarily in the North, where Blacks and Whites farmed the land equally after Reconstruction in an effort to heal after the war
C) a system of farming where Whites and Blacks shared labor on common plots of land
D) a system of farming where a tenant works on land in exchange for a share of profits, a place to live, food, and clothing, all supplied by the owner
E) a system of farming in which free Blacks had the autonomy to grow and disperse their own crops

Question 26

During the 19th century, an anti-elitist movement attempted to unite poor Whites and Blacks in the rural South against the traditional elite classes. This movement was called ______.

A) the coalition movement
B) populism (or the populist movement)
C) paternalism (or the paternalistic movement)
D) the poor people's movement
E) the civil rights movement

Question 27

Following the end of slavery in the South, Black women most often worked ______.

A) within the home
B) under their own sharecropping contracts
C) doing agricultural labor
D) more than Black men or White women
E) less than Black men

Question 28

During the Great Migration, Black women often worked in domestic servant positions, replacing European immigrant women who move up in the job structure. This is similar to what phenomenon?

A) ethnic succession
B) White flight
C) upward mobility
D) intersectionality
E) gender inequality

Question 29

African Americans' creation of separate institutions and cultural practices due to their exclusion from the mainstream supports which of the following critiques of the traditional model of assimilation?

A) The dominant group does not desire for all groups to assimilate.
B) Assimilation is a linear process that takes a long time to conclude.
C) Minority groups must undergo acculturation before structural integration.
D) All minority groups do not desire to assimilate.
E) The assimilation process may be segmented for immigrant groups.

Question 30

The stimulation of occupational specialization due to industrialization ______.

A) made rigid competitive relations more difficult to overcome
B) decreased job opportunities for minority groups
C) made the division of labor more simplified
D) made it more difficult to maintain caste-like divisions between groups
E) occurred most frequently in the South

Question 31

The differential distribution of ______, in the past and in the present, effectively protects workers in the primary sector from competition from minority groups.

A) educational opportunities
B) wealth
C) land
D) upward mobility
E) political power

Question 32

White ethnic groups in the North saw incoming Black migrants as a threat and thus ______.

A) excluded them from labor unions and political systems
B) established a new Jim Crow
C) attempted to decrease racial tension through residential integration
D) established enclave economies
E) borrowed paternalistic resistance methods from the South

Question 33

Despite shifts to fluid competitive relations, African Americans will continue to remain at a disadvantage as they pursue opportunities and resources. This observation would most likely be made by which social theorist?

A) Weber
B) Noel
C) Lenski
D) Blauner
E) Marx

Question 34

African Americans face exclusion from better jobs in the primary sector, which concentrates them in positions that offer little opportunity for upward mobility. This statement supports which theoretical perspective?

A) the Noel hypothesis
B) the importance of the contact situation
C) Blauner's hypothesis
D) Myrdal's vicious cycle
E) the segmented assimilation perspective

Question 35

The shift from rigid to fluid competitive group relations is due to deindustrialization. This observation would most likely be made by which social theorist?

A) Weber
B) Noel
C) Lenski
D) Blauner
E) Marx

Question 36

______ excluded generations of Black families from the opportunity to develop wealth.

A) Past-in-present discrimination
B) Housing discrimination
C) Slavery
D) Jim Crow
E) Rigid competitive relations

Question 37

The purpose of affirmative action policies is to ______.

A) give African Americans a step ahead of Whites
B) prevent future discrimination
C) create barriers to upward mobility for poor Whites
D) replace White people in positions of power
E) reduce the effects of past discrimination

Question 38

Since segregation began, African American women have had consistently higher unemployment rates and lower incomes than African American men and White women. Which theory best explains these conditions?

A) the Blauner hypothesis
B) the Noel hypothesis
C) the culture of poverty theory
D) intersectionality theory
E) Marxist theory

Question 39

White students may assume that a minority student was accepted to a university due to ______ and not the student's own abilities.

A) reparations
B) racism
C) affirmative action
D) discrimination
E) favoritism

Question 40

Which of the following is an example of past-in-present discrimination?

A) Three Black men were denied the opportunity to purchase a home in a White neighborhood.
B) African Americans' lack of wealth due to housing discrimination makes the middle class a precarious position.
C) White Americans deny the significance of slavery in shaping current inequalities.
D) The police were called on a Black man due to assumptions that he was trespassing.
E) White Americans often blame African Americans for their own subordination.

Question 41

The primary labor market is sometimes called the competitive market.

Question 42

Under de jure segregation, separation of African Americans and European Americans in virtually all aspects of social life was required by law.

Question 43

Industrialization made the systems of paternalistic control that worked in agrarian economies irrelevant.

Question 44

After Reconstruction, sharecropping replaced slavery as the main way for the South to support an agrarian economy.

Question 45

Excluded from the mainstream but freed from the limitations of slavery, African Americans constructed a separate subsociety and subculture.

Question 46

Due to the changes wrought by industrialization and the population movement to the North, African American men were forced to take primary responsibility for their homes and children.

Question 47

Under Jim Crow, lynchings were imposed to enforce segregation. From 1884 to 1900, there was an average of one lynching every other day.

Question 48

The statement that African Americans voted against Southern segregation "with their feet" refers to dancing and the blues music that developed during this time period.

Question 49

In fluid competitive relations, formal or legal barriers to competition continue to exist.

Question 50

The primary labor market includes low-paid, unskilled, insecure jobs, while the secondary labor market includes high-paid, high-benefit positions in large, bureaucratic organizations.

Question 51

Institutional discrimination is tied to unequal opportunity due to discrimination, personal prejudice, and group competition.

Question 52

Racial discrimination in real estate has been illegal since the passage of the Fair Housing Act of 1968.

Question 53

Wars, conflicts, and other disputes in which the United States has been involved have had consequences for American minority groups.

Question 54

Sharecropping is a form of de jure segregation.

Question 55

Today, job growth in the United States is largely in manufacturing.

Question 56

Industrial jobs are moved from the United States to other nations because wages in other nations are considerably lower.

Question 57

In paternalistic systems, the dominant group seeks to preserve its advantage by handicapping the minority group's ability to compete effectively.

Question 58

During the height of the Jim Crow era, it was against the law for Blacks and Whites to play each other in checkers and dominoes in Birmingham, Alabama.

Question 59

The term de jure means that the system is sanctioned and reinforced by the legal code.

Question 60

In South Africa, the structure of minority group control became stronger and more oppressive because the Whites in South Africa were a numerical minority.

Question 61

New Deal programs provided assistance to distressed Americans and were not racially discriminatory toward African Americans.

Question 62

During the Great Migration, Black women worked outside the home at higher rates than White women.

Question 63

Literacy tests were used to keep African Americans from voting.

Question 64

During the Great Migration, African Americans moved from rural areas in the South to new rural areas in the North.

Question 65

The Plessy v. Ferguson decision legally mandated White privilege.

Question 66

Affirmative action policies were established to reduce the effects of future discrimination.

Question 67

Social change can be attributed to changes in subsistence technology, not Black activism.

Question 68

African Americans worked to solve their own problems and meet their own needs, even as they pushed for greater equality within the larger society.

Question 69

Fluid competitive systems still present barriers to competition for minority groups through formal laws.

Question 70

Vagrancy laws functioned to criminalize Black people for not actively working.

Question 71

According to the text, "dominant-minority relations change as the subsistence technology changes." Explain and illustrate the impact of the Industrial Revolution on minority groups in the United States.

Question 72

Distinguish between paternalistic and rigid competitive group relations. Which is associated with agrarian subsistence technology? Which is associated with industrialization? Why?

Question 73

What social, economic, and political forces caused de jure segregation in the South? How were African Americans controlled under this system? What factors encouraged their migration to the North?

Question 74

Describe the experiences of African Americans as they migrated to the urban North. Include the role of labor unions, White immigrant groups, and employers.

Question 75

Compare and contrast the experiences of European American immigrant women and African American women during the early phases of industrialization. What sectors of the job market did they enter? Why?

Question 76

As the United States industrialized and modernized, group relations evolved from paternalism during slavery to a looser, more rigid competitive form of relations during segregation. In South Africa, the structure of minority group control became stronger and more oppressive as the nation industrialized and modernized. What explains the difference in group relations in these two countries?

Question 77

Black women have long argued that certain White feminist movements do not address the issues they face. What issues presented in the chapter text support this argument?

Question 78

What changes sparked the emergence of Black protest movements and organizations? What perspectives and methods were dominant in this early area? Which dimensions of minority group status were early leaders trying to address?

Question 79

What is modern institutional discrimination? Provide examples from the chapter text. How does it differ from "traditional" institutional discrimination? What is its relationship with the shift to fluid competitive relations? What efforts have been made to address modern institutional discrimination?

Question 80

Explain the transition from rigid competitive to fluid competitive relations and explain how this transition is related to the coming of postindustrial society. Explain the roles of urbanization, bureaucracy, the service sector of the job market, and education in this transition.