Deck 13: Stress and Officer Safety

Question 1

Physiological stress is that which __________.

A) deals with low-level, gradual stress that includes the day-to-day routine of the job
B) deals with high-order emergency or sudden stress
C) deals with an individual's psychological state
D) deals with the biological effects on the individual, including such factors as increased heart disease, high blood pressure, and ulcers

Answer 1

D

Question 2

These common types of reaction to stress in policing include fear, guilt, anger, and sadness:

A) Behavior/coping reactions
B) Cognitive reactions
C) Emotional reactions
D) Physical reactions

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following is not considered a police stressor?

A) Shift work
B) Inadequate resources to do the job
C) The demands of court appearances
D) All of the above are considered police stressors

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following is true according to a 40-year study of Buffalo police officers?

A) Police were eight times more likely to commit suicide than to be killed in a homicide.
B) Police were three times more likely to commit suicide than to die in job-related accidents.
C) The frequency of suicides increased from an average of one suicide every 1.75 years to one every 1.42 years.
D) All of the above are true.

Question 5

In this year the fewest number of police officers were killed in the line of duty over the past 30 years:

A) 1998
B) 2008
C) 2000
D) 2002

Question 6

According to a study conducted by Violanti and Aron, this was identified as the most stressful situation in policing:

A) A physical attack
B) A fellow officer killed
C) High-speed chases
D) Killing someone in the line of duty

Question 7

In dealing with critical incidents, research has found that officers experience the most stress reactions within ________ after the event.

A) 6 hours
B) 3 days
C) 24 hours
D) 1 week

Question 8

Which of the following statements is true?

A) The preponderance of the empirical research has indicated that the divorce rates for police are no higher than for many other occupations.
B) Dangerous duties and working with the opposite sex usually had an adverse affect on officer spouses.
C) Female officers are more prone to take job-acquired stress home to their spouses.
D) All of the above statements are true.

Question 9

In a small study conducted by Kraska and Kappeler, they discovered this group used marijuana while on-duty most often:

A) Line officers
B) Upper management
C) Middle management
D) There was not marijuana use by on-duty police officers

Question 10

For police officers feloniously killed in the line of duty, which of the following was the primary circumstance?

A) Ambush
B) Traffic stop
C) Arrest situation
D) Disturbance calls

Question 11

Chronic stress is that which __________.

A) deals with the type of stress that is positive and pleasurable
B) deals with high-order emergency or sudden stress
C) deals with the low-level, gradual stress that includes the day-to-day routine of the job
D) none of the above

Question 12

In the 1974 study by Kroes, Margolis, and Hurrell, this was the highest stressor for police:

A) Periods of inactivity
B) Court leniency with criminals
C) Shift rotation
D) Administrative policies

Question 13

In the 1995 Violanti and Aron study, this was the highest police stressor:

A) Fellow officer killed
B) Felony in progress
C) High-speed chases
D) Killing someone in the line of duty

Question 14

Almost all research on police stress has been based on what type of model?

A) Outcome-targeting model
B) Social-supports model
C) Stress-outcome model
D) None of the above

Question 15

In a study concerning police involvement in critical incidents, it was discovered that the course of recovery varied, but the average time for a return to "feeling normal" was ________ after the critical incident occurred.

A) 20 weeks
B) 7 days
C) 12 hours
D) 1 month

Question 16

In situations involving an accidental death of a police officer between 1999 and 2008, this was the leading circumstance of accidental death:

A) Being struck by vehicles
B) Aircraft accidents
C) Accidental shootings
D) Automobile accidents

Question 17

Danger in police work may be considered from three perspectives. This perspective relates to the media coverage, television, movies, and books discussing how dangerous policing may be:

A) Potential danger
B) Actual danger
C) Perceived danger
D) None of the above

Question 18

Which of the following is one of the distinct categories of police stressors?

A) Police work itself
B) The police organization
C) Personal life and family
D) All of the above

Question 19

Which region of the country had the highest number of police officers assaulted, according to recent data?

A) West
B) Midwest
C) Northeast
D) South

Question 20

According to the data, in what events are the police most likely to be accidently killed?

A) Serving search warrants for drug violations and traffic enforcement
B) Operating a police vehicle and engaging traffic enforcement
C) Handling mentally ill persons and assisting motorists
D) None of the above

Question 21

Research indicates that policing is the most dangerous profession.

Question 22

The stressor-outcome model and the social-diversion model are the two perspectives that have guided almost all research on police stress.

Question 23

In the data concerning police officers killed in the line of duty, the primary circumstance involved domestic violence.

Question 24

Most of the incidents that led to police officers being killed were initiated by the officers themselves.

Question 25

Examining data over a ten year period, researchers found that police officers are killed in 1 in every 9.2 million traffic stops.

Question 26

In policing, males experience higher levels of stress than female officers.

Question 27

Under the common reactions to stress in policing, feeling lost and unappreciated is a cognitive reaction.

Question 28

In a 1985 study, researchers discovered that court problems and shift changes were more related to work stress than to personal life.

Question 29

Most research does not support the belief that police have a high rate of alcohol consumption.

Question 30

There have been instances of violent police behavior associated with the use of anabolic steroids.

Question 31

Suicide has become the most dreaded result of a police officer under stress.

Question 32

There are various consequences of stress for police, include alcohol use, but suicide and drug use are not examples of those consequences.

Question 33

Approximately 75 percent of all police killings are accidental.

Question 34

In a study on alcohol consumption, researchers found that 25 percent of the sample admitted to drinking alcohol while on duty.

Question 35

In a small sample of officers, researchers discovered that the overall performance ratings of officers who used drugs on-duty were actually higher than officers who did not report on-duty drug use.

Question 36

Both court problems and shift changes were significantly related to stress in personal life but not to work stress.

Question 37

In terms of mortality rates, police officers are not even in the top twenty-five occupations.

Question 38

Police officers are more likely to be injured during an assault if the assailant is intoxicated.

Question 39

Acute stress is the low-level, gradual stress that includes the day-to-day routine of the job.

Question 40

A variety of suicide prevention measures for officers exist, including supervisor training.

Question 41

Much of the research indicates that the suicide rate among police is higher than the national average. Explain why. Indicate what factors may contribute to the higher rate.

Question 42

As the chief of police you want to implement a number of policies and programs to help control the stressors police encounter. List five policies/programs and describe what the policies and programs will address.

Question 43

What were the findings in a study conducted by Kaminski and Sorensen (1995) concerning officers injured during assaults? List the certain situational characteristics that increased the odds of an officer being injured during an assault.

Question 44

What can be done to improve officer safety from death and injuries on the job?

Question 45

Shift work may have negative effects on police. What kinds of problems do officers experience because of shift work? What can administration do to help alleviate some of the problems of shift work?

Question 46

Matching
-Stressor-outcome model

A) Would include counseling following an extremely stressful crisis event
B) This would increase empathy for crime victims and help officers cope with their own reactions to stress
C) Potential adverse effects include increased aggression, increased risk of heart disease, acne, liver damage, and psychological dependency
D) Suggests that an individual may be more or less insulated against the effects of stressors depending on whether he or she has friends, coworkers, and family members in place
E) Stressful circumstances lead directly to a negative result, such as psychological stress of a physical ailment
F) Anxiety, anger, guilt
G) Calls for the dismissal of officers with an alcohol problem because this will reflect badly on the department
H) Arrest situations
I) Includes the recognition of psychological depression, communication skills, conflict resolution, and maintenance of relationships
J) Includes a high-speed chase in policing, a taxi driver's risk of a traffic accident, or the height at which a person has to work

Question 47

Matching
-Suicide prevention training

A) Would include counseling following an extremely stressful crisis event
B) This would increase empathy for crime victims and help officers cope with their own reactions to stress
C) Potential adverse effects include increased aggression, increased risk of heart disease, acne, liver damage, and psychological dependency
D) Suggests that an individual may be more or less insulated against the effects of stressors depending on whether he or she has friends, coworkers, and family members in place
E) Stressful circumstances lead directly to a negative result, such as psychological stress of a physical ailment
F) Anxiety, anger, guilt
G) Calls for the dismissal of officers with an alcohol problem because this will reflect badly on the department
H) Arrest situations
I) Includes the recognition of psychological depression, communication skills, conflict resolution, and maintenance of relationships
J) Includes a high-speed chase in policing, a taxi driver's risk of a traffic accident, or the height at which a person has to work

Question 48

Matching
-Critical-incident debriefing

A) Would include counseling following an extremely stressful crisis event
B) This would increase empathy for crime victims and help officers cope with their own reactions to stress
C) Potential adverse effects include increased aggression, increased risk of heart disease, acne, liver damage, and psychological dependency
D) Suggests that an individual may be more or less insulated against the effects of stressors depending on whether he or she has friends, coworkers, and family members in place
E) Stressful circumstances lead directly to a negative result, such as psychological stress of a physical ailment
F) Anxiety, anger, guilt
G) Calls for the dismissal of officers with an alcohol problem because this will reflect badly on the department
H) Arrest situations
I) Includes the recognition of psychological depression, communication skills, conflict resolution, and maintenance of relationships
J) Includes a high-speed chase in policing, a taxi driver's risk of a traffic accident, or the height at which a person has to work

Question 49

Matching
-Sensitization training

A) Would include counseling following an extremely stressful crisis event
B) This would increase empathy for crime victims and help officers cope with their own reactions to stress
C) Potential adverse effects include increased aggression, increased risk of heart disease, acne, liver damage, and psychological dependency
D) Suggests that an individual may be more or less insulated against the effects of stressors depending on whether he or she has friends, coworkers, and family members in place
E) Stressful circumstances lead directly to a negative result, such as psychological stress of a physical ailment
F) Anxiety, anger, guilt
G) Calls for the dismissal of officers with an alcohol problem because this will reflect badly on the department
H) Arrest situations
I) Includes the recognition of psychological depression, communication skills, conflict resolution, and maintenance of relationships
J) Includes a high-speed chase in policing, a taxi driver's risk of a traffic accident, or the height at which a person has to work

Question 50

Matching
-Situational danger

A) Would include counseling following an extremely stressful crisis event
B) This would increase empathy for crime victims and help officers cope with their own reactions to stress
C) Potential adverse effects include increased aggression, increased risk of heart disease, acne, liver damage, and psychological dependency
D) Suggests that an individual may be more or less insulated against the effects of stressors depending on whether he or she has friends, coworkers, and family members in place
E) Stressful circumstances lead directly to a negative result, such as psychological stress of a physical ailment
F) Anxiety, anger, guilt
G) Calls for the dismissal of officers with an alcohol problem because this will reflect badly on the department
H) Arrest situations
I) Includes the recognition of psychological depression, communication skills, conflict resolution, and maintenance of relationships
J) Includes a high-speed chase in policing, a taxi driver's risk of a traffic accident, or the height at which a person has to work

Question 51

Matching
-Social-supports model

A) Would include counseling following an extremely stressful crisis event
B) This would increase empathy for crime victims and help officers cope with their own reactions to stress
C) Potential adverse effects include increased aggression, increased risk of heart disease, acne, liver damage, and psychological dependency
D) Suggests that an individual may be more or less insulated against the effects of stressors depending on whether he or she has friends, coworkers, and family members in place
E) Stressful circumstances lead directly to a negative result, such as psychological stress of a physical ailment
F) Anxiety, anger, guilt
G) Calls for the dismissal of officers with an alcohol problem because this will reflect badly on the department
H) Arrest situations
I) Includes the recognition of psychological depression, communication skills, conflict resolution, and maintenance of relationships
J) Includes a high-speed chase in policing, a taxi driver's risk of a traffic accident, or the height at which a person has to work

Question 52

Matching
-Character flaw theory

A) Would include counseling following an extremely stressful crisis event
B) This would increase empathy for crime victims and help officers cope with their own reactions to stress
C) Potential adverse effects include increased aggression, increased risk of heart disease, acne, liver damage, and psychological dependency
D) Suggests that an individual may be more or less insulated against the effects of stressors depending on whether he or she has friends, coworkers, and family members in place
E) Stressful circumstances lead directly to a negative result, such as psychological stress of a physical ailment
F) Anxiety, anger, guilt
G) Calls for the dismissal of officers with an alcohol problem because this will reflect badly on the department
H) Arrest situations
I) Includes the recognition of psychological depression, communication skills, conflict resolution, and maintenance of relationships
J) Includes a high-speed chase in policing, a taxi driver's risk of a traffic accident, or the height at which a person has to work

Question 53

Matching
-Anabolic steroids

A) Would include counseling following an extremely stressful crisis event
B) This would increase empathy for crime victims and help officers cope with their own reactions to stress
C) Potential adverse effects include increased aggression, increased risk of heart disease, acne, liver damage, and psychological dependency
D) Suggests that an individual may be more or less insulated against the effects of stressors depending on whether he or she has friends, coworkers, and family members in place
E) Stressful circumstances lead directly to a negative result, such as psychological stress of a physical ailment
F) Anxiety, anger, guilt
G) Calls for the dismissal of officers with an alcohol problem because this will reflect badly on the department
H) Arrest situations
I) Includes the recognition of psychological depression, communication skills, conflict resolution, and maintenance of relationships
J) Includes a high-speed chase in policing, a taxi driver's risk of a traffic accident, or the height at which a person has to work

Question 54

Matching
-Emotional reactions to stress in policing

A) Would include counseling following an extremely stressful crisis event
B) This would increase empathy for crime victims and help officers cope with their own reactions to stress
C) Potential adverse effects include increased aggression, increased risk of heart disease, acne, liver damage, and psychological dependency
D) Suggests that an individual may be more or less insulated against the effects of stressors depending on whether he or she has friends, coworkers, and family members in place
E) Stressful circumstances lead directly to a negative result, such as psychological stress of a physical ailment
F) Anxiety, anger, guilt
G) Calls for the dismissal of officers with an alcohol problem because this will reflect badly on the department
H) Arrest situations
I) Includes the recognition of psychological depression, communication skills, conflict resolution, and maintenance of relationships
J) Includes a high-speed chase in policing, a taxi driver's risk of a traffic accident, or the height at which a person has to work

Question 55

Matching
-Primary circumstance for officers being killed in the line of duty

A) Would include counseling following an extremely stressful crisis event
B) This would increase empathy for crime victims and help officers cope with their own reactions to stress
C) Potential adverse effects include increased aggression, increased risk of heart disease, acne, liver damage, and psychological dependency
D) Suggests that an individual may be more or less insulated against the effects of stressors depending on whether he or she has friends, coworkers, and family members in place
E) Stressful circumstances lead directly to a negative result, such as psychological stress of a physical ailment
F) Anxiety, anger, guilt
G) Calls for the dismissal of officers with an alcohol problem because this will reflect badly on the department
H) Arrest situations
I) Includes the recognition of psychological depression, communication skills, conflict resolution, and maintenance of relationships
J) Includes a high-speed chase in policing, a taxi driver's risk of a traffic accident, or the height at which a person has to work