Deck 6: Research Designs and Survey Research

Question 1

Concepts in physical sciences are generally concrete while those in social sciences are more likely to be more abstract.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

In quantitative research, concepts must be converted numerically, which is called operationalization.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Dependent variables represent the experimental stimulus, cause, intervention, or treatment that leads to the change in the outcome.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

True experimental designs must include several elements, including independent variable, dependent variable, pretest, posttest, and random assignment.

Question 5

The use of randomization distinguishes experimental designs from quasi-experimental designs.

Question 6

One shot case study is a pre-experimental design.

Question 7

Classical experimental designs are better than quasi-experimental designs because they are not participant to any threats to validity.

Question 8

Two-group posttest only designs can help in overcoming testing effects.

Question 9

Solomon four-group design is a combination of classical experimental design and static group comparison design.

Question 10

Comparison groups cannot be utilized in time-series designs.

Question 11

The Uniform Crime Reports have been one of the most frequently used secondary data sets in criminal justice areas.

Question 12

Self-report data cannot be collected over an extended period of time.

Question 13

An important part of an experiment is the treatment. Which of the following is false regarding the treatment?

A) The independent variable represents the treatment in an experiment.
B) In general, researchers use an "X" to symbolize the treatment.
C) The treatment is the dependent variable.
D) If a researcher is trying to explain police officers' training and its effect on use of force, police officers' training is the independent variable.

Question 14

Which of the following is true regarding the dependent variable?

A) The independent variable depends on the dependent variable.
B) The dependent variable is trying to explain the independent variable.
C) The stimuli and the dependent variable are the same thing.
D) In general, researchers use a "Y" for the dependent variable.

Question 15

During an experiment, the __________ measures the __________ variable before the treatment is administered.

A) pretest; independent
B) pretest; dependent
C) posttest; independent
D) posttest; dependent

Question 16

During an experiment, the __________ measures the __________ variable after the treatment.

A) pretest; independent
B) pretest; dependent
C) posttest; independent
D) posttest; dependent

Question 17

In a traditional experiment, researchers utilize two groups to measure the effect of the treatment; however, the __________ group receives the treatment.

A) experimental
B) control
C) comparison
D) All of the above

Question 18

In a true experiment, the __________ group does not receive the treatment to examine if the treatment is effective or not.

A) experimental
B) control
C) comparison
D) All of the above

Question 19

The __________ variables are any other factors that may influence the outcome of a study and are usually designated with a Z.

A) independent
B) dependent
C) control
D) exogenous

Question 20

A __________ is an educated prediction about the relationship between two or more variables.

A) hypothesis
B) theory
C) experiment
D) treatment

Question 21

What is the function of hypotheses?

A) To test theories
B) To supply guidelines that can be used to explain a certain phenomenon
C) To describe social phenomenon
D) All of the above

Question 22

Which of the following is required when formulating suitable hypotheses?

A) Extensive background knowledge of the participant
B) Continuous search for relationships between phenomena
C) Intensive brainwork
D) All of the above

Question 23

Which of the following is false regarding the characteristics of a good hypothesis?

A) A good hypothesis should be value oriented based on the researcher.
B) A good hypothesis should be testable.
C) A good hypothesis should be stated in simple terms.
D) A good hypothesis should contribute to theory developments.

Question 24

What is the primary distinction between experimental designs and quasi-experimental designs?

A) Research budget
B) Randomization
C) Experiment
D) Posttest

Question 25

What does the following figure represent?
X O₁

A) It represents a quasi-experimental design that can be used when randomly dividing participants into two groups is not possible.
B) It represents a one shot case study.
C) It represents a true experimental design when random assignment is available.
D) It represents a one group pretest/posttest design.

Question 26

What is the most obvious problem of one shot case study designs?

A) Mortality
B) Low external validity
C) Low reliability
D) There is no baseline measure of participants' attitudes or scores before they receive the treatment.

Question 27

What does the following figure represent?
O₁ X O₂

A) Quasi-experimental design
B) One shot case study design
C) True experimental design
D) One-group pretest/posttest design

Question 28

What does the following figure represent?
$\begin{array}{ll}\mathrm{X} & \mathrm{O}_{1}\\&\mathrm{O}_{2}\end{array}$
$$

A) One-shot case study design
B) Two-shot case study design
C) True experimental design
D) Static group comparison design

Question 29

Which of the following must be included in classical experimental designs?

A) Independent variable and dependent variable
B) Pretest and posttest
C) Random assignment
D) All of the above

Question 30

What does the following figure represent?
$\begin{array}{llll}\mathrm{R} & \mathrm{O}_{1} & \mathrm{X} & \mathrm{O}_{2} \\\mathrm{R} & \mathrm{O}_{1} & & \mathrm{O}_{2}\end{array}$

A) True experimental design
B) Quasi experimental design
C) Two-group posttest design
D) Solomon four-group design

Question 31

What does the following figure represent?
$\begin{array}{lll}\mathrm{R} & \mathrm{X} & \mathrm{O}_{1} \\\mathrm{R} & & \mathrm{O}_{1}\end{array}$

A) True experimental design
B) Quasi experimental design
C) Two-group posttest only design
D) Solomon four-group design

Question 32

Which of the following is true regarding two-group posttest-only design?

A) Two-group posttest-only design can lessen testing bias in classical experimental designs.
B) Unlike in classical experimental design, research participants are not randomly assigned to each group in two-group posttest only design.
C) Therefore, there is no difference between two-group posttest only design and static group comparison.
D) all of the above

Question 33

What does the following figure represent?
$\begin{array}{llll}\mathrm{R} & \mathrm{O}_{1} & \mathrm{X} & \mathrm{O}_{2} \\\mathrm{R} & \mathrm{O}_{1} & & \mathrm{O}_{2} \\\mathrm{R} & & \mathrm{X} & \mathrm{O}_{1} \\\mathrm{R} & & & \mathrm{O}_{1}\end{array}$

A) True experimental design
B) Quasi experimental design
C) Two-group posttest-only design
D) Solomon four-group design

Question 34

Which of the following is false regarding Solomon four-group design?

A) Solomon four-group design is a combination of classical experimental design and two-group posttest only design.
B) Solomon four-group design is created in an attempt to eliminate virtually all threats to validity.
C) Test bias can be accounted for in Solomon four-group design.
D) Solomon four-group design is flawless; therefore, most criminal justice researchers utilize only Solomon four-group design.

Question 35

Which of the following is false regarding time-series designs?

A) Time-series designs cannot be experimental because having control groups is not possible.
B) With a simple interrupted time series design, researchers can study one group of people over time.
C) Time series designs can be applied to studies on criminal careers over a 50-year period.
D) Simple interrupted time series design with nonequivalent comparison group is not purely experimental.

Question 36

What does the following figure represent?
$\begin{array}{llllllll}\mathrm{R} & \mathrm{O}_{1} & \mathrm{O}_{2} & \mathrm{O}_{3} & \mathrm{X} & \mathrm{O}_{4} & \mathrm{O}_{5} & \mathrm{O}_{6} \\\mathrm{R} & \mathrm{O}_{1} & \mathrm{O}_{2} & \mathrm{O}_{3} & & \mathrm{O}_{4} & \mathrm{O}_{5} & \mathrm{O}_{6}\end{array}$

A) Simple interrupted time-series design
B) Interrupted time series with nonequivalent comparison group
C) Simple interrupted time series with equivalent comparison group
D) Factorial design

Question 37

Which of the following is false regarding secondary data analyses?

A) Secondary data analysis has a long history and is commonly employed in social science.
B) Secondary data analysis is increasingly losing its popularity in criminal justice because data sets are typically unavailable in the area.
C) The most commonly used secondary data set in criminal justice is the Uniform Crime Reports.
D) The National Incident Based Reporting System provides more information than the Uniform Crime Reports.

Question 38

Which of the following is an example of self-report data?

A) Uniform Crime Reports
B) National Incident Based Reporting System
C) National Youth Survey
D) None of the above

Question 39

Which of the following is true regarding scenario methodology?

A) Basically experimental research in criminal justice is not allowed when the topic is directly related to crime or deviance.
B) For reason in answer a alone, researchers rely on asking respondents to react to hypothetical scenarios about crime or delinquency.
C) One of the main disadvantages of scenario methodology is that respondents will always provide socially desirable responses instead of honest ones.
D) None of the above (All of the above are false).

Question 40

__________ is a research design that assesses the relationship between independent and dependent variables by comparing groups with one receiving the treatment and one not.

Question 41

__________ is a research design that allows the comparison between groups with one receiving the treatment and one not; however, there is no random assignment when dividing research participants to two different groups.

Question 42

__________ means that all participants are randomly selected to experimental or control groups.

Question 43

__________ is hypothesized to cause a change in an outcome variable.

Question 44

__________ is that which is trying to be explained in experimental designs.

Question 45

__________ measures the dependent variable before the experimental stimulus is administered.

Question 46

__________ is the group that receives the intervention, treatment, or stimulus in experimental designs.

Question 47

A __________ can be defined as an education guess about the relationship between variables.

Question 48

__________ is a pre-experimental design where only one group is studied at one point in time after the intervention.

Question 49

__________ is a pre-experimental design where two groups are studied at one point in time and one receives the intervention and the other does not.

Question 50

__________ is designed with random assignment of groups so that the experimental group receives a pretest and posttest and is compared to the control group.

Question 51

__________ is an experimental design where one set of experimental and control groups receives both pretest and posttest while the other set of groups receives only posttest. All participants are randomly assigned.

Question 52

__________ is a research study that is conducted over an extended period of time.

Question 53

__________ utilize already collected data.