Deck 13: Aristotle's Ethics: Exploring Virtue and Justice

Question 1

Which of the following best expresses the basic question that Strawser is trying to answer in "Moral Predators: The Duty to Employ Uninhabited Aerial Vehicles"?

A) Is it permissible for the military to use fully autonomous weapons?
B) Should the military use armed drones to carry out lethal attacks?
C) Is it permissible for the military to use drones for surveillance operations?
D) Are armed drones as effective as other means of conducting military operations?

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following best expresses Strawser's basic conclusion in "Moral Predators: The Duty to Employ Uninhabited Aerial Vehicles"?

A) The military has an obligation not to use uninhabited aerial vehicles to carry out lethal attacks.
B) It is permissible, but not obligatory, for the military to use drones to conduct military operations.
C) When it doesn't interfere with the achievement of military objectives, militaries have an obligation to use drones to carry out lethal attacks.
D) Uninhabited aerial vehicles are obligatory for surveillance operations but forbidden for combat operations.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following best expresses Strawser's Principle of Unnecessary Risk?

A) Military commanders are always obligated to choose a method of carrying out combat operations that exposes their subordinates to as little risk as possible.
B) Military commanders should never order their subordinates to take unnecessary risks, even if doing so increases the likelihood of civilian casualties.
C) Military commanders should never order their subordinates to take unnecessary risks, where a risk counts as necessary only if it is required to protect civilian lives.
D) If a commander orders a subordinate to accomplish some legitimate military goal, then the commander ought to choose the means of accomplishing the goal that exposes the subordinate to as little risk as possible.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Why does Strawser discuss the hypothetical case of Captain Zelda ordering her subordinates to remove their bulletproof vests before attacking enemy soldiers?

A) To explain which risks count as necessary and which count as unnecessary.
B) To show that the Principle of Unnecessary Risk gets the right answer in that case.
C) To illustrate the difference between risks that a commander may permissibly take and risks that they may permissibly order their subordinates to take.
D) To provide a counterexample to the Principle of Unnecessary Risk.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT true of Strawser's central claim, which he calls "OP"?

A) It applies only to military operations that are permitted by the rules of just war.
B) It applies only to operations in which carrying out the operation with an uninhabited aerial vehicle would not significantly reduce the chance of success.
C) It says that the military is obligated to use uninhabited aerial vehicles in certain cases.
D) It assumes that using uninhabited aerial vehicles is less expensive than using regular fighter jets or bombers.

Question 6

Which of the following best expresses Strawser's central claim, which he calls OP?

A) Militaries are obligated to use drones for military operations whenever possible.
B) When conducting legitimate combat operations, militaries are obligated to use drones, provided that doing so does not reduce the chance of success.
C) When conducting legitimate conduct operations, militaries are obligated to use drones instead of regular fighter jets or bombers, provided that doing so does not reduce the chance of success.
D) When conducting legitimate conduct operations, militaries are obligated to use drones instead of regular fighter jets, bombers, special forces, or ground troops, provided that doing so does not reduce the chance of success.

Question 7

Why does Strawser discuss the example of the bomb squad using robots to defuse bombs?

A) To argue for part of his central claim, OP.
B) To argue for the Principle of Unnecessary Risk.
C) To rebut an objection to his central claim, OP.
D) To prove that remotely controlled devices reduce risk.

Question 8

Why does Strawser discuss the claim that his argument against independent autonomous weapons is inconsistent with his argument for uninhabited aerial vehicles?

A) To argue for the use of independent autonomous weapons.
B) Because it counts as an objection to his argument against independent autonomous weapons.
C) To support his argument against uninhabited aerial vehicles.
D) To respond to an objection to the Principle of Unnecessary Risk.

Question 9

Which of the following best captures the objection that using drones will lead to violations of the rules of war?

A) The rules of war prohibit the use of uninhabited aerial vehicles for carrying out lethal military operations. Therefore, any lethal use of drones automatically constitutes a violation of the rules of war.
B) If commanders know that they can carry out a military operation without endangering their subordinates, they will carry out more operations. Every military operation carries a risk of jus in bello violations. Therefore, using drones will increase the number of jus in bello violations.
C) It is harder to tell the difference between combatants and noncombatants when using drones than when using other means of conducting military operations. Therefore, using drones increases the risk of killing noncombatants. That means that using drones will increase the number of jus in bello violations.
D) Drone operators will inevitably come to see their combat operations as a video game. That will lead them to take killing people, including noncombatants, less seriously than other kinds of warfighters would. Therefore, using drones will lead to more violations of the rules of war.

Question 10

How does Strawser respond to the objection that using drones will lead to more noncombatant deaths?

A) By arguing that noncombatant deaths in drone strikes are collateral casualties rather than intended effects and that the obligation to protect one's own warfighters overrides the obligation to protect enemy civilians.
B) By arguing that drones make it easier to distinguish combatants from noncombatants and that evidence suggests that the ratio of noncombatants killed to combatants killed is lower for drones than for other means of combat.
C) By arguing that although drone strikes currently kill more noncombatants than some other forms of combat, continued use of drones will lead to improvements in drone technology that reduce the number of noncombatants killed.
D) By arguing that because his central claim, OP, is only about justified military operations and operations that kill civilians are not justified, his claim does not apply to drone strikes that kill civilians.

Question 11

How does Strawser respond to the objection that drones contribute to targeted assassinations that are forbidden by the rules of war?

A) By arguing that the rules of war ought to allow targeted assassinations because they are not, in principle, any different from other kinds of killing in war.
B) By pointing out that the fact that drones can be used for impermissible assassinations does not force policy makers to use them for that purpose.
C) By reminding the reader that Strawser's conclusion applies only to legitimate military objectives, not to targeted assassinations.
D) By insisting that drones are not any more effective at targeted assassinations than are other means of assassination.

Question 12

Which of the following best expresses the objection that the use of drones will lower the threshold for going to war?

A) By making wars less risky, drones will make countries more willing to go to war. Thus, the use of drones will increase the number of wars that occur. Wars are bad. Therefore, the use of drones will lead to a bad outcome.
B) By making military operations less risky, drones will make commanders more willing to carry out additional combat operations. Since all combat operations carry a risk of civilian deaths, this will increase the number of civilian deaths, which is a bad thing. Therefore, the use of drones will lead to a bad outcome.
C) By making wars less risky, drones will make countries more willing to start wars, including unjust wars. Thus, the use of drones will increase the number of unjust wars that occur. That would be a bad thing. So, drones should not be used.
D) By making military operations less risky, drones will make commanders more willing to carry out more combat operations, and because those operations will be carried out by drones, they are more likely to cause civilian deaths, which are bad. Therefore, the use of drones will lead to unjust civilian casualties.

Question 13

How does Strawser respond to the objection that the use of drones will lower the threshold for going to war?

A) By reminding the reader that because his main conclusion only applies to legitimate military operations in just wars, it does not justify any decision to start an unjust war
B) By comparing that objection to an argument that says that militaries should stop using bulletproof vests as a way of raising the threshold for going to war.
C) By denying that the use of drones will lower the threshold for going to war.
D) By arguing that even if the use of drones does lead to a few more unjust wars, the fact that it reduces civilian casualties in the wars that are fought makes the trade-off worthwhile.

Question 14

What is the difference between an "uninhabited aerial vehicle" and an "independent autonomous weapon," according to Strawser?

A) Uninhabited aerial vehicles are one type of independent autonomous weapon, but independent autonomous weapons also include weapons that operate on the ground or in the water.
B) Uninhabited aerial vehicles, by definition, do not carry humans, but independent autonomous weapons could carry human passengers for surveillance or transport purposes.
C) An independent autonomous weapon can "decide" to kill people without direct human input, whereas an uninhabited aerial vehicle will only use lethal force following an explicit command from a human operator.
D) Independent autonomous weapons can be controlled from anywhere in the world via satellite, whereas uninhabited aerial vehicles must be controlled by radio from a soldier close to the vehicle.

Question 15

Which of the following is most plausibly entailed by Strawser's Principle of Unnecessary Risk?

A) If a commander orders some soldiers to clear a city block of enemy combatants, the commander is obligated to order to soldiers to do so in the way that poses the least risk to noncombatants.
B) It is morally wrong for military commanders to send more soldiers into combat than is necessary to complete the combat mission successfully.
C) Military commanders are forbidden from ordering soldiers to carry out military operations that would violate the rules of war.
D) If a commander orders some soldiers to kill enemy combatants hiding in a building, he is obligated to order them to use tactics that reduce the risk to the commander's soldiers, even if it slightly increases the risk of civilian casualties.

Question 16

Which of the following is the strongest objection to Strawser's Principle of Unnecessary Risk?

A) Soldiers fighting an unjust war are not morally entitled to protect themselves at the expense of other people. The Principle of Unnecessary Risk would justify soldiers fighting an unjust war in doing exactly that. Therefore, the Principle of Unnecessary Risk is morally unacceptable.
B) The Principle of Unnecessary Risk applies only to risks that are not necessary. Different commanders might disagree about which risks are necessary. Therefore, the Principle of Unnecessary Risk does not provide adequate guidance.
C) Some ways of reducing the risks faced by warfighters will increase the likelihood of civilian casualties while decreasing the warfighters' risks only slightly. Although the Principle of Unnecessary Risk prohibits individual actions that increase that likelihood too much, following the principle as a general rule will significantly increase the number of civilian casualties while only slightly decreasing the number of military casualties. Militaries ought not to adopt policies that will significantly increase the number of civilian casualties to slightly reduce their own casualties. Therefore, militaries should not adopt the Principle of Unnecessary Risk.
D) Soldiers are obligated to follow their commanders' orders. Commanders are obligated to instruct soldiers about how to deal with risks to civilians whom they encounter during their combat operations. Soldiers are not allowed to deviate from those orders, even to reduce risks to noncombatants. Therefore, soldiers are not permitted to obey the Principle of Unnecessary Risk.

Question 17

Strawser argues that the lower costs of uninhabited aerial vehicles, compared to regular military aircraft, is a reason to favor them over regular military aircraft.

Question 18

Strawser argues that his central claim, OP, follows from the Principle of Unnecessary Risk.

Question 19

Strawser believes that his main conclusion applies even to military operations in an unjust war.

Question 20

Strawser assumes that carrying out a legitimate military operation as part of a just war can sometimes achieve a good purpose.

Question 21

An uninhabited aerial vehicle, as Strawser uses that term, will only use lethal force following a direct instruction from a human operator.

Question 22

According to Strawser, evidence shows that drone operators face special risks of long-term psychological harm.

Question 23

Strawser agrees that the use of drones for targeted assassinations is morally problematic.

Question 24

Strawser argues that the idea of a "fair fight" is not an appropriate ideal for modern warfare.

Question 25

Strawser argues that concerns about lowering the threshold for going to war rest on questionable calculations about what is likely to happen in the future.

Question 26

Strawser believes that most of the recent uses of uninhabited aerial vehicles (as of the time he wrote his paper) were morally permissible.

Question 27

What is Strawser's main conclusion? What is his basic argument for that conclusion?

Question 28

Explain Strawser's example of Captain Zelda throwing away her bulletproof vest. What is the point of this example?

Question 29

Briefly describe any three of the six objections that Strawser considers.

Question 30

What does Strawser think is wrong with the objection that uninhabited aerial vehicles do not allow for a "fair fight"?

Question 31

Does Strawser believe that most recent uses of uninhabited aerial vehicles (as of the time he wrote his paper) were morally justified? Why or why not?

Question 32

Which of the following best captures the basic question that Steinbock is trying to answer in "Speciesism and the Idea of Equality"?

A) Why should we reject the moral principle of equality?
B) Why should we not consider the interests of nonhuman animals?
C) What differences exist between human beings and nonhuman animals such that unequal consideration of interests is justified?
D) What differences exist between human beings and nonhumans in their capacities for suffering such that unequal consideration of interests is justified?

Question 33

The main conclusion of "Speciesism and the Idea of Equality" is:

A) The principle of equality is not a good principle.
B) Humans' capacity for suffering is greater than nonhuman animals' capacity for suffering.
C) Nonhuman animals lack the capacity for suffering and, so, lack interests.
D) There are morally relevant differences between human and nonhuman animals that justify our giving greater weight to human interests.

Question 34

What role does the claim that nonhuman animals can feel pain play in this paper?

A) Steinbock argues for this claim.
B) Steinbock argues against this claim.
C) Steinbock argues that this fact settles the issue of whether it's justified to privilege human interests over nonhuman interests.
D) Steinbock argues that this fact does not settle the issue of whether it's justified to privilege humans' interests over nonhumans' interests.

Question 35

Why does Steinbock discuss Singer's argument in this paper?

A) Steinbock uses Singer's argument to explain why animal cruelty is wrong.
B) Steinbock uses Singer's argument to explain why medical research using animals is wrong.
C) Steinbock argues that Singer is incorrect when he concludes that it is morally wrong to privilege humans' interests over those of nonhumans.
D) Steinbock argues that Singer is wrong when he claims that nonhuman animals have the capacity for suffering and enjoyment.

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT a premise in Steinbock's argument that we are justified in giving greater consideration to human interests than to those of nonhuman animals?

A) Nonhuman animals are not sentient in the same way humans are.
B) There are morally relevant differences between human beings and nonhuman animals.
C) There are certain capacities that humans possess which nonhuman animals lack.
D) None of the above.

Question 37

Which of the following is the best example of a morally relevant human capacity, according to Steinbock?

A) The capacity for suffering and enjoyment.
B) The capacity to reproduce.
C) The capacity for sensory experience.
D) The capacity to be held responsible for their actions.

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT an example of a morally relevant difference between human beings and nonhuman animals, according to Steinbock?

A) The capacity for suffering and enjoyment.
B) The capacity for autonomous decision making.
C) The capacity to desire self-respect.
D) They capacity to treat others fairly or unfairly.

Question 39

Which of the following is an example of justified privileging of humans' interests over those of nonhuman animals?

A) Torturing a cat to relieve boredom.
B) Scientific experiments that cause pain in animals but produce a significant benefit for humans.
C) Factory farming to produce meat for human consumption.
D) All of the above.

Question 40

Why does Steinbock discuss Donaghy's argument that human beings are entitled to a privileged position in the moral community?

A) Steinbock rejects Donaghy's conclusion.
B) Steinbock agrees with Donaghy's conclusion but rejects his premises.
C) Steinbock agrees with Donaghy's conclusion and his premise that some degree of intelligence is morally relevant.
D) Steinbock is objecting to Donaghy's claim that human intelligence is morally relevant.

Question 41

Why does Steinbock discuss Williams's argument that animals' capacity to feel pain and affection justifies giving their interests equal consideration?

A) Steinbock agrees with Williams's conclusion but rejects his premises.
B) Steinbock disagrees with Williams's claim that animals have this capacity.
C) Steinbock argues against the claim that animals' capacity to feel pain entails equal consideration of their interests.
D) Steinbock uses Williams's argument to object to Singer's argument.

Question 42

Steinbock argues that:

A) We are justified to give greater consideration to human interests because there are morally relevant differences between human and nonhuman animals' capacities.
B) We are justified to give greater consideration to human interests because there are relevant differences between human and nonhuman animals' levels of sentience.
C) We are justified to give greater consideration to human interests because nonhuman animals lack the capacity to feel pain and enjoyment.
D) We are justified to give greater consideration to human interests because nonhuman animals have no interests at all.

Question 43

Which of the following is NOT an example of "taking care of one's own" that Steinbock thinks is morally justified?

A) A white supremacist establishing policies that benefit whites and harm members of other races.
B) A scientist conducting research that involves minimal suffering in animals for the sake of great benefit to human beings.
C) A Catholic charity that prioritizes feeding hungry Catholics over non-Catholics.
D) Feeding starving children at the expense of starving dogs.

Question 44

Which of the following claims does Steinbock argue against in this paper?

A) Nonhuman animals are sentient.
B) Sentience is a morally relevant feature; it is a source of reasons to act.
C) Sentience is the only relevant feature; it is the only source of reasons to act.
D) Animal cruelty is morally wrong.

Question 45

Assume that Steinbock is correct that human beings have certain capacities that entitle us to a privileged position in the moral community. Which of the following could you infer from that claim?

A) Any human interest is worth more than any animal interest.
B) Nothing other than a human being could ever have those capacities.
C) There are nonhuman creatures that have even more morally relevant capacities and that, therefore, occupy an even more privileged position in the moral community.
D) None of the above.

Question 46

Assume that Steinbock is correct that there is a role for feeling and sentiment in moral thinking. Which of the following could you infer from that claim?

A) Steinbock has run out of arguments and, so, is resorting to fine phrases.
B) Steinbock thinks there is no role for logic and rational thought in moral discourse.
C) We should do whatever our feelings and emotions suggest.
D) The traditional picture of moral reasoning as purely rational is incorrect.

Question 47

Steinbock argues that there are some differences between humans and nonhuman animals that are morally relevant and that justify giving greater consideration to human interests than we do to animals' interests.

Question 48

Steinbock argues that the capacity for suffering is not relevant to determining the interests of nonhuman animals.

Question 49

Steinbock argues that humans are unique in their capacity for suffering and that cruel treatment of animals is morally permissible.

Question 50

Steinbock argues that sentience is not the only relevant consideration when weighing the interests of human and animals.

Question 51

Steinbock argues that humans are justified in counting our interests more heavily than the interests of animals.

Question 52

Steinbock argues that severely disabled or mentally retarded human beings have interests that count for less than the interests of other human beings.

Question 53

According to Steinbock, scientific experimentation on animals is justified because human lives are more valuable than animal lives.

Question 54

According to Steinbock, factory-farm-raised meat consumption is justified because human lives are more valuable than animal lives.

Question 55

According to Steinbock, we should reject Singer's definition of the principle of equality.

Question 56

Steinbock's argument relies heavily on a premise, according to which nonhuman animals' interests deserve no consideration.

Question 57

In your own words, state Steinbock's main conclusion in "Speciesism and the Idea of Equality" and summarize her main argument for that conclusion.

Question 58

Why, according to Steinbock, is cruelty to animals morally wrong but giving greater consideration to the interests of human beings than to those of animals morally permissible?

Question 59

Steinbock identifies several differences between nonhuman animals and human beings that she thinks are relevant to giving humans a privileged position in the moral community. State three of those differences in your own words, and explain why Steinbock thinks these differences are morally relevant.

Question 60

How might someone object to Steinbock's appeal to the facts that "we feel a special obligation to" and we "feel a closer identification" with members of our own species and that this feeling makes a moral difference? Be sure to state your objection as a complete argument.

Question 61

What exactly does Steinbock agree and disagree with in Singer's argument? In your own words, identify one claim with which both agree and one over which they disagree.

Question 62

Which of the following best captures Aristotle's argument in I.1-2 for the claim that there is some highest end?

A) Some goals are superior to others. The goal that is superior to all goals is the highest end. Therefore, there must be some highest end.
B) Some goals are more choiceworthy than others. The most choiceworthy goal is better than all of the others. The best goal is the highest end. Therefore, there is a highest end.
C) All crafts and inquiries aim at some goal. Some of those goals are pursued for the sake of a further goal. But if all goals were pursued for some further goal, desire would be futile because we would never achieve that which we seek. Therefore, some goal must be pursued for its own sake.
D) Political science controls all things. Therefore, the goals of political science are superior to the goals of other crafts or inquiries. Since political science has a goal, which is the human good, the human good is the highest end.

Question 63

Why does Aristotle think that political science is the "highest ruling science"?

A) Because political science is the inquiry of the ruling classes.
B) Because knowledge of political science carries the greatest weight for how we live.
C) Because all other valuable activities are subordinate to political science.
D) Because politics is about ruling people, and so political science is the science of ruling people.

Question 64

What is Aristotle's argument in I.5 that the life of politics is not the best life possible for humans?

A) Political honor depends on other people's views of you, whereas happiness is something that people cannot easily take away from you. Therefore, the political life cannot be the happiest life.
B) Politics is about solving problems, whereas true happiness consists in not having any problems. Therefore, the political life cannot be the happiest life.
C) Being successful in politics often requires acting in ways that are not virtuous, but the happiest life is the virtuous life. Therefore, the political life cannot be the happiest life.
D) Even social animals, such as dogs or sheep, have a sort of political life, whereas the happiest life for humans must be something special to humans. Therefore, the political life cannot be the happiest life.

Question 65

What is the function of a human being, according to Aristotle?

A) Activity of the soul in accord with reason.
B) Living virtuously.
C) Actively participating in the political life of his or her community.
D) To pursue pleasure and avoid pain.

Question 66

Which of the following best captures Aristotle's idea of happiness?

A) Happiness means different things to different people, with some people finding happiness in pleasure, some in politics, some in moneymaking, and some in study.
B) Happiness is complete, self-sufficient pleasure.
C) Happiness involves having enough external goods, such as wealth and honor, to pursue whichever form of life seems best to each person.
D) Happiness consists in taking pleasure in virtuous activity, which is activity of the soul in accord with reason.

Question 67

What is Aristotle's argument in I.7 for the claim that the function of human beings is "activity of the soul in accord with reason"?

A) Each profession has a function and every part of the body has a function. Thus, it stands to reason that a human being has a function.
B) Just as the function of a harpist is to play the harp, the function of a human being is activity in accord with the part of the soul that has reason or obeys reason.
C) Fulfilling the function of a human being well is what makes a human being excellent. Virtue is what makes a human being excellent, and virtue involves activity in accord with reason. Therefore, the function of a human being is activity in accord with reason.
D) The function of human beings cannot be mere survival, since even plants do that. Nor can it be mere sense perception, since even animals have perception. Therefore, it must be acting in accord with reason.

Question 68

How do people become virtuous, according to Aristotle?

A) Because virtue is natural to human beings, we do not need to do anything to become virtuous.
B) Human beings become virtuous by doing virtuous actions enough to develop virtuous habits.
C) Human beings become virtuous through culture, since culture helps us overcome our bad habits.
D) Human beings become virtuous by recognizing their true function.

Question 69

Why is it possible, according to Aristotle, to perform a brave action without actually being brave?

A) Because being brave requires not only doing the right thing but also having the right feelings and attitudes about that action.
B) Because sometimes an action that appears to be brave is actually done out of ignorance of danger.
C) Because bravery is especially concerned with facing great dangers, such as dangers of war, and not everyone faces those dangers.
D) Because bravery sometimes leads to death or injury, which is inconsistent with happiness.

Question 70

During World War II, the U.S. Marine Richard Sorenson saved five of his fellow Marines by throwing himself on an exploding Japanese grenade. Which of the following would Aristotle be most likely to have said about Sorenson's action?

A) It was brave regardless of why Sorenson did it.
B) It was brave assuming that Sorenson did it out of a desire to protect his fellow Marines from danger.
C) It was reckless because jumping on a grenade leads to almost certain death.
D) It was brave because it saved the lives of five other people.

Question 71

Which of the following best captures Aristotle's idea that each virtue is a "mean" between extremes?

A) Each virtue is exactly halfway between two vices, as bravery is halfway between cowardice and recklessness.
B) Each virtue is a form of taking for oneself exactly what one deserves in a particular area of life, rather than more or less.
C) Each virtue is intermediate between too much of something and too little of something, as bravery is intermediate between too much fear and not enough fear.
D) Each virtue reflects a proper degree of moderation, since every action is appropriate in some circumstances, as long as it is done in moderation.

Question 72

What does Aristotle mean when he says that each virtue is intermediate between two extremes?

A) That each virtue is between two vices, as generosity is between wastefulness and ungenerosity.
B) That virtue consists in taking extreme actions that others might not be willing to take.
C) That virtue consists in steering oneself away from extreme desires.
D) That achieving virtue requires only an intermediate amount of effort and is therefore possible for everyone.

Question 73

Which of the following is NOT one of the virtues that Aristotle identifies in II.7?

A) Generosity.
B) Magnificence.
C) Friendliness.
D) Humility.

Question 74

What are the two types of justice, according to Aristotle?

A) Criminal justice, which involves punishing wrongdoers, and social justice, which involves according everyone equal respect.
B) Universal justice, which applies equally to everyone, and special justice, which applies only in close interpersonal relationships.
C) General justice, which consists in being completely virtuous, and special justice, which consists in not taking too much or too little for oneself.
D) Legal justice, which involves obeying the laws that actually exist, and ideal justice, which involves obeying the laws that should exist.

Question 75

What is Aristotle's argument for thinking that justice is its own kind of virtue, rather than just being complete virtue?

A) Certain kinds of overreaching are vicious but do not fit under any other vices. Therefore, there must be a distinctive vice of injustice and a corresponding virtue of justice.
B) Injustice prompts a special feeling of indignation that other vices do not. Therefore, injustice must be a special vice and justice a special virtue.
C) Both the wise and the common people acknowledge that there is a distinctive virtue of justice. Therefore, there must be a distinctive virtue of justice.
D) Corrective justice, concerned with correcting wrongdoing, is distinct from distributive justice, concerned with giving everyone what is owed to them. Therefore, there is more than one kind of justice.

Question 76

Which of the following best captures Aristotle's argument in X.7 that the life of study is the best life?

A) There are four possible forms of life: the life of pleasure, the life of politics, the life of the moneymaker, and the life of study. Since the first three cannot be the happiest life, the life of study must be the best.
B) Only the life of study enables us to recognize the best way to live. Therefore, no one can live the best life without the life of study, which makes the life of study the best life.
C) The life of study is activity in accord with the virtues of the understanding, and the understanding is humans' best part. Furthermore, the life of study is pleasant and self-sufficient. Therefore, the life of study is the happiest life.
D) For people who are capable of appreciating it, the life of study is much more pleasant than any other life, which makes it the happiest life by definition.

Question 77

Aristotle believes that there is no highest good, only a collection of different goods.

Question 78

Aristotle argues that moral philosophy should try to produce exact definitions of virtue and vice.

Question 79

Aristotle regards happiness as the highest good.

Question 80

Aristotle argues that a life spent pursuing wealth is not the best life for humans.