Question 1

If we were to write up our correlational finding based on 45 participants, then what would be our degrees of freedom?&#10;A) 45&#10;B) 44&#10;C) 46&#10;D) 43

Accepted Answer

Degrees of freedom for a correlation with 45 participants is calculated as n - 2, which is 45 - 2 = 43.

Question 2

If a journal paper reports the APA statistic of the correlation between neuroticism and stress as (r (48) = .16, p = .092), then what does this mean?&#10;A) As neuroticism increases, levels of stress increase.&#10;B) There is no relationship between neuroticism and stress.&#10;C) There is a non-linear relationship between neuroticism and stress.&#10;D) As neuroticism increases, levels of stress decrease.

Accepted Answer

The p-value of .092 indicates that the correlation is not statistically significant at the common alpha level of .05, suggesting no significant relationship between neuroticism and stress.

Question 3

If we wanted to graph our significant correlation finding, what would be the most appropriate graph?&#10;A) Box plot&#10;B) Scatterplot&#10;C) Bar chart&#10;D) Pie chart

Accepted Answer

A scatterplot is the most appropriate graph for displaying the relationship between two continuous variables, which is essential for illustrating significant correlation findings. It allows for the visualization of how one variable changes in relation to another, making it easier to identify patterns or trends in the data.

Question 4

If our data is non-parametric, then what would be the most suitable correlational analysis?&#10;A) Partial correlation&#10;B) Pearson's correlation&#10;C) Spearman's correlation&#10;D) Multiple regression

Accepted Answer

Spearman's correlation is most suitable for non-parametric data because it does not assume a linear relationship between the variables or that the data is normally distributed, making it ideal for ordinal data or data that does not meet the assumptions required for Pearson's correlation.

Question 5

A partial correlation shows&#8230;&#10;A) if two variables are related after taking into account a confounding variable.&#10;B) if a confounding variable is correlated with other variables.&#10;C) if two variables are related before taking into account a confounding variable.&#10;D) if two variables are correlated in a non-linear fashion.

Accepted Answer

A partial correlation measures the relationship between two variables while controlling for the effects of one or more additional variables. This helps to isolate the direct relationship between the two variables of interest, excluding the influence of the confounding variable(s).

Question 6

If we wanted to assess the relationship between intelligence and salary for males and females separately then what would be the most appropriate analysis?&#10;A) Split file by gender and run a correlation.&#10;B) Run a partial correlation using gender as a control variable.&#10;C) You cannot test this.&#10;D) Run a Pearson's correlation between gender, intelligence, and salary.

Accepted Answer

Splitting the file by gender and then running a correlation for each group (males and females) allows for the assessment of the relationship between intelligence and salary within each gender group separately, providing a clear understanding of how these variables interact within each gender.

Question 7

Which of the following is true about r values?&#10;A) They can only range from 0 to 1.&#10;B) They must be a positive number.&#10;C) They must be less than .05.&#10;D) They can only range from -1 to +1.

Accepted Answer

The correlation coefficient, denoted as r, measures the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two variables on a scatterplot. The value of r ranges from -1 to +1, where -1 indicates a perfect negative linear relationship, +1 indicates a perfect positive linear relationship, and 0 indicates no linear relationship.

Question 8

If we wanted to assess for the relationship between eye colour (green/blue/brown) and mood scores, then what analysis would be most suitable?&#10;A) Pearson's correlation&#10;B) Spearman's correlation&#10;C) Partial correlation&#10;D) We cannot test this with a correlation.

Accepted Answer

The relationship between eye color (a categorical variable) and mood scores (a continuous variable) cannot be assessed using correlation, which is designed for relationships between two continuous variables. Instead, other statistical methods such as ANOVA or regression analysis would be more appropriate for examining the relationship between a categorical and a continuous variable.

Question 9

A researcher finds that the correlation between aggression and empathy is r=-.24, what is the size of this effect?&#10;A) Huge&#10;B) Medium&#10;C) Small&#10;D) Large

Accepted Answer

The correlation coefficient of -.24 indicates a small effect size, as it is closer to 0 than to -1 or 1, suggesting a weak inverse relationship between aggression and empathy.

Question 10

If we wanted to know whether two correlations significantly differ from each other we would need to&#8230;&#10;A) calculate a z score.&#10;B) subtract the r values from each other.&#10;C) look at the differences in the p values.&#10;D) multiply the r values together.

Accepted Answer

To determine if two correlations significantly differ from each other, a z score can be calculated using a formula that takes into account the two correlation coefficients and their sample sizes. This method allows for a statistical test of the difference between the two correlations.

Question 11

What is the correlation (r value) between cognitive ability and hours per week spent in nature?&#10;A) .45&#10;B) .14&#10;C) .002&#10;D) .19

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the correlation (r value) between...

Question 12

How would you describe the relationship between cognitive ability and connectedness to nature?&#10;A) A significant positive correlation&#10;B) A significant negative correlation&#10;C) A not significant positive correlation&#10;D) No correlation

Accepted Answer

The answer of How would you describe the relationship between...

Question 13

When looking at the relationship between cognitive ability and hours per week spent in nature, how does the r value for the partial correlation change from the Pearson's correlation?&#10;A) The Pearson's correlation is smaller.&#10;B) The partial r value is smaller.&#10;C) The r values are the same.&#10;D) The r value switches from being positive to being negative.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When looking at the relationship between cognitive...

Question 14

Looking at children who live in urban environments, how would you describe the findings?&#10;A) Both of the nature variables are negatively correlated with cognitive ability (attention).&#10;B) Only the hours per week spent in nature variable is correlated with cognitive ability (attention).&#10;C) Both of the nature variables are positively correlated with cognitive ability (attention).&#10;D) Only the connectedness with nature variable is correlated with cognitive ability (attention).

Accepted Answer

The answer of Looking at children who live in urban...

Question 15

Looking at children who live in rural environments, how would you describe the findings?&#10;A) Both of the nature variables are positively correlated with cognitive ability (attention).&#10;B) Only the hours per week spent in nature variable is correlated with cognitive ability (attention).&#10;C) Only the connectedness with nature variable is correlated with cognitive ability (attention).&#10;D) Both of the nature variables are negatively correlated with cognitive ability (attention).

Accepted Answer

The answer of Looking at children who live in rural...

Deck 15: Correlations