Deck 14: Treatment

Question 1

All of the following are aspects of psychotherapy that differ from other personal relationships, EXCEPT:

A) Psychotherapy is focused entirely on the client's problems and needs.
B) Psychotherapists receive a fee for their services.
C) Psychotherapy takes place in free-form, unstructured settings.
D) The relationship between client and therapist is expected to terminate.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The client-therapist relationship in which the therapist functions as a mentally sound "doctor" treating "patients" who are, at least in comparison, less than mentally sound, is typical of

A) psychoanalysis
B) behavior therapy
C) group therapy
D) cognitive therapy

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Typically, these kinds of therapists see themselves as something closer to a teacher and the client as a student whose task it is to substitute adaptive patterns of behavior for maladaptive patterns.

A) psychoanalysts
B) behavior therapists
C) marriage and family therapists
D) cognitive therapists

Answer 3

B

Question 4

If you begin therapy and your therapist seems to want to use "hypothesis-testing" techniques to correct irrational or inaccurate beliefs that might be triggering your emotional pain or dysfunction, you are likely seeing a

A) psychoanalyst
B) behavior therapist
C) insight therapist
D) cognitive therapist

Question 5

Which of the following kinds of psychologists require the most rigorous academic training?

A) social workers
B) clinical psychologists
C) occupational therapists
D) mental health counselors

Question 6

This was the first and also the most expensive and time-consuming type of therapy.

A) psychoanalysis
B) psychodynamic therapy
C) behavior therapy
D) insight therapy

Question 7

Freud's notion that psychological problems are caused by tension within a person's own mind between mental forces that are at odds with one another, is called

A)intrapsychic conflict
B) unconscious processing
C) primary process
D) conflict resolution

Question 8

In classical psychoanalysis, to obtain insight into his or her unconscious conflicts, the patient must

A) overcome his or her fear of death
B) overcome his or her resistance to the insight
C) defend the ego against free associations
D) learn to control the autonomic nervous system

Question 9

The main goal of classical psychoanalysis is for the patient to obtain accurate self-knowledge, particularly about his or her unconscious motives. This knowledge is called

A) repression
B) acceptance
C) insight
D) dream work

Question 10

In psychoanalysis, the primary goal of dream work is to interpret the dream content based on

A) the patient's memory of the actual dream content
B)the patient's free associations to the dream material
C) the unconscious process of developing a dream
D) the daily events that trigger daydreaming

Question 11

While a patient is engaged in free association, a classical psychoanalyst might remain out of view of the patient in order to facilitate analysis of this important therapeutic technique.

A) resistance
B) transference
C) countertransference
D) insight

Question 12

Transference refers to the psychoanalytic belief that patients in therapy may transfer their feelings about their spouse or parents onto

A) themselves
B) the objects in the room
C) the therapist
D) their friends

Question 13

These theorists do not focus exclusively on sex and aggression as the basis for unconscious conflicts, and they place much more importance than Freud did on the quality of a person's actual relationships with important others.

A) psychoanalysts
B) object relations theorists
C) rational-emotive theorists
D) behaviorists

Question 14

This type of therapy is rooted in psychoanalytic theory, but therapy sessions are conducted much more like other modern therapies.

A)psychodynamic therapy
B) cognitive-behavior therapy
C) rational-emotive therapy
D) aversion therapy

Question 15

All of the following beliefs are typical of psychodynamic therapists, EXCEPT:

A) Mental representations are the road to the unconscious.
B) The origins of adult psychology lie in early childhood experiences.
C) Unconscious emotions and motivations exert important effects on behavior.
D) Sex and aggression are the only real human drives.

Question 16

All of the following therapeutic techniques distinguish psychodynamic therapy from other modern therapeutic approaches, EXCEPT:

A)in-depth discussion of childhood experiences
B) exploring the client's fantasy life and dreams
C) focus on the relationship between client and therapist
D) focusing on the client's current conscious thoughts

Question 17

According to these therapists, all the insight in the world is useless if it does not help to reshape behavior by substituting adaptive behaviors and associations for those that are maladaptive.

A) rational-emotive therapists
B) behavior therapists
C) psychodynamic therapists
D) aversion therapists

Question 18

This behavior modification technique exposes clients to increasingly intense anxiety-provoking images known as the anxiety hierarchy.

A)aversion therapy
B) systematic desensitization
C) automatic thought records
D) progressive muscle tension

Question 19

In Wolpe's systematic desensitization technique, feelings of anxiety induced by the anxiety hierarchy are paired with this in order for the client to replace maladaptive anxiety symptoms.

A) progressive muscle relaxation
B) electroconvulsive therapy
C) transcranial magnetic stimulation
D) deep brain stimulation

Question 20

This exposure technique employed by behavior therapists essentially tosses the client in at the highest possible level of anxiety-provoking situation and holds him or her there.

A) systematic desensitization
B) hyperconditioning
C) flooding
D) behavior modeling

Question 21

Flooding relies on this basic, non-associative learning process as a means of initially reducing the client's anxiety response.

A) forward conditioning
B) habituation
C) negative reinforcement
D) modeling

Question 22

All behavior therapy techniques that are based on Wolpe's original insight that exposing a person to a feared stimulus under controlled conditions can reduce or eliminate the fear are called

A) systematic therapies
B) behavior modification
C) exposure therapies
D) fear ablation

Question 23

In this type of behavior therapy, one learns to substitute negative responses for positive ones when one wishes to stop engaging in a truly harmful behavior.

A)exposure therapy
B) aversion therapy
C) operant therapy
D) flooding

Question 24

In terms of learning theories, exposure and aversion therapies are based on models taken from

A) operant conditioning
B) social learning
C) cognitive modeling
D) classical conditioning

Question 25

In this behavior modification technique, a person is rewarded with tangible, desirable goods, prizes, or privileges for engaging in desired behaviors and avoiding undesirable behaviors.

A) operant conditioning
B) contingency management
C) reward therapy
D) token reinforcement

Question 26

Alber Ellis devised a form of therapy based on the idea that human beings can be taught to control their feelings by controlling their thoughts. His therapy was called

A)cognitive therapy
B) cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT)
C) rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
D) antecedent-behavior-consequence therapy (ABCT)

Question 27

A therapist following Albert Ellis's rational-emotive behavior therapy would most likely utter which of the following statements during a therapy session?

A) "Tell me more about your first memories of your mother."
B)"Life isn't fair, so get over that idea as quickly as you can."
C) "I want you to relax while you look at a picture of a snake."
D) "Is the child in your dream really you?"

Question 28

Observation that led to the development of Aaron Beck's cognitive therapy was that people with emotional disturbances tend to experience

A)unconscious motives
B) habitual tendencies
C) automatic thoughts
D) conditioned emotions

Question 29

In cognitive therapy the client and the therapist forge a relationship in which

A)the therapist gives the client sometimes harsh advice about life
B) the therapist immerses himself or herself in the client's unconscious mental life
C) the therapist encourages meditation as a path toward reducing the negative impact of the client's automatic thoughts
D) the therapist and client engage in a kind of hypothesis testing of the client's automatic thoughts

Question 30

In addition to targeting automatic thoughts, cognitive-behavior therapists also work to help the client control

A) self-affirming prophecies
B) self-defeating behaviors
C) suicidal ideation
D) dysfunctional beliefs

Question 31

This kind of therapy is usually a relatively brief program that blends CBT with meditation techniques based on Buddhist practices.

A)cognitive-motivation therapy
B) mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
C) rational-emotive behavior therapy
D) reality therapy

Question 32

Which of the following statements is NOT an aspect of so-called empirically supported treatments (ESTs)?

A) ESTs are intended to be cost-effective.
B) ESTs tend to last for no more than 6 to 8 weeks.
C) ESTs demonstrate significant effectiveness when compared with no treatment.
D) ESTs are dependent upon an empathetic relationship and fitness between client and therapist.

Question 33

All of the following are statements from clients that a cognitive therapist might identify as self-defeating, EXCEPT:

A) "Everyone said that they loved my singing tonight, but they're my friends so that doesn't count."
B) "I'll never find another job that I like as much as the one I just lost."
C) "I failed that exam yesterday but it was pretty difficult."
D) "Even though I won that scholarship, I probably won't do well in college."

Question 34

In order to identify self-defeating thoughts and help the patient become aware of them, cognitive-behavior therapists often ask clients to

A)freely associate to words during the session
B) keep a detailed record of dreams over a week
C) keep a thought journal to record automatic thoughts for a week
D) engage in Buddhist meditation during the course of 6 weeks

Question 35

Aside from integrative therapy, this type of therapy accounts for the largest percentage of clinical and counseling psychologists surveyed by Bechtholdt and colleagues in 2001.

A) cognitive
B) psychodynamic
C) behaviorist
D) family systems

Question 36

These therapists may adhere generally to one established style of therapy, but freely utilize other therapeutic styles, including their own original techniques.

A)cognitive-behavior therapists
B) rational-emotive behavior therapists
C) family therapists
D) integrative therapists

Question 37

Carl Rogers is known for the development of this type of therapy that stresses the importance of the therapist extending unconditional positive regard and acceptance to the client regardless of the client's behavior or personal characteristics.

A) client-centered therapy
B) existential therapy
C) integrative therapy
D) bibliotherapy

Question 38

When a psychotherapist "prescribes" a self-help book to a patient as an adjunct to in-person therapy sessions, he or she is engaging in

A) client-centered therapy
B) self-help therapy
C) bibliotherapy
D) ideation therapy

Question 39

This type of therapy often takes place in hospitals and prisons and relies on a variety of techniques that reflect the theoretical orientation of the therapist.

A)family therapy
B) group therapy
C) aversion therapy
D) individual therapy

Question 40

All of the following are reasons why a therapist might recommend group therapy rather than individual therapy to a client, EXCEPT:

A) The client is severely psychotic and it is not safe to conduct individual therapy.
B) The other members of the group often facilitate therapeutic insights in each other.
C) The therapist can directly observe the client's relations with other people.
D) The client can see that he or she is not isolated.

Question 41

The primary difference between self-help support groups and group therapy is that in a self-help group

A) the moderator or facilitator is not usually a mental help professional
B) the therapist works to help treat the variety of problems in all of the members of the group
C) there is little emphasis on the suffering of the group members
D) attendance is not as cost-effective as is attending group therapy sessions

Question 42

In family therapy, the family unit is viewed as

A)a group of individuals with independent needs
B)a dynamically interacting system of individuals
C) a group polarized by a "faulty" group member
D) a collection of traits similar to an individual

Question 43

When the type of group treated in group therapy is a dyad, the therapy is called

A) couple therapy
B) group therapy
C) family systems therapy
D) family therapy

Question 44

Which of the following is least likely to lead a couple to seek couple therapy?

A) feelings of lack of love for one another
B) frequent arguments and anger toward one another
C) sexual problems in one or both partners
D) a specific phobia in one partner

Question 45

Smith and Glass analyzed the results of several studies of the effectiveness of psychotherapy and concluded that those participants in psychotherapy outcome research who were actually given therapy did

A) worse than those in control groups who received drug treatment
B)better than those in control groups who received no treatment
C) better than those in drug groups who received placebo
D) worse than those in placebo groups given psychoanalysis

Question 46

For a biomedical treatment to be efficacious, it must show itself to be superior to no treatment in

A) one-on-one patient interactions
B) randomized control studies
C) placebo effect studies
D) single-group efficacy studies

Question 47

Clinical psychologists believe it is important to separate the term efficacy from this term, meaning that a treatment has utility in the real world of practicing psychotherapy.

A) effective
B) validity
C) reliability
D) dependability

Question 48

All of the following are findings from research that investigated how therapies could be deemed efficacious, but not effective, EXCEPT:

A) Some clients are better than other clients at bringing about their own healing in therapy.
B) The type of person who volunteers for a therapeutic efficacy study may be different from those who typically seek therapy.
C) The therapeutic treatment may offer improvement compared to no treatment, but that improvement may not alleviate symptoms.
D) The type of drug treatment often utilized in psychotherapy cannot be subject to the same randomized control trials as biomedical treatment.

Question 49

In studies of psychotherapy, an effective treatment is one that reduce symptoms of distress to a point of

A) statistical significance
B) clinical significance
C) conclusive significance
D) improved significance

Question 50

The equality of success rates among therapies has been referred to as the

A)equity effect
B) dodo bird verdict
C) regression to the mean
D) common factors effect

Question 51

Though it is not necessarily more effective than CBT, behavior therapy is often said to be preferable for treating

A) depression
B) phobias
C) schizophrenia
D) Alzheimer's disease

Question 52

Though not necessarily more effective than other therapies, this therapy is claimed to be the best choice for treating depression.

A) aversion therapy
B) behavior therapy
C) cognitive-behavior therapy
D) insight therapy

Question 53

If you find yourself extremely unhappy on a given day, it is likely that your mood will soon improve if measured again. This is called

A)regression to the mean
B) sampling error
C) the extreme score effect
D) the outlier effect

Question 54

All of the following are factual paradoxical statements about the effectiveness of different psychotherapies, EXCEPT:

A) According to cognitive therapists, depression is caused by distorted cognition, but psychodynamic therapy can be effective in treating depression.
B) Paraprofessionals and Ph.D. therapists generally have similar success rates in treating clients.
C) Psychodynamic therapy can still work without discussion of early childhood trauma or promotion of insight.
D) Cognitive therapy is better at treating depression than behavior therapy, but cognitive behavior therapy is more effective than both other options.

Question 55

In dismantling studies, the goal is to compare the effectiveness of specific techniques from a therapeutic approach with

A) factors common to all legitimate therapies
B) factors common to all other specific behavior therapies
C) other techniques from the same therapeutic approach
D) techniques from the logically opposite therapeutic position

Question 56

The positive emotions and affection between therapist and client and both parties' joint commitment to accomplish the important work of healing are important for this common factor of therapeutic change.

A) therapeutic alliance
B) therapeutic allegiance
C) therapeutic competence
D) therapeutic modeling

Question 57

The therapist's intellectual commitment to the specific type of therapy he or she has chosen to practice is the basis for the common factor known as

A)therapeutic alliance
B) therapeutic allegiance
C) therapeutic competence
D) therapeutic modeling

Question 58

The common factor of effectiveness known as therapist competence refers to the fact that

A)some therapists are more empathetic than others
B) some therapists produce more positive outcomes than others
C) some therapists use different techniques than others
D) some therapists have more training than others

Question 59

These kinds of psychotherapies are untested or inadequately tested treatments, and are often based on pseudoscientific theories.

A) potentially harmful psychotherapies
B) ethically unsound psychotherapies
C) bibliotherapies
D) self-help psychotherapies

Question 60

Many of the potentially harmful therapies listed in the text are risky due to the fact that the symptoms that the therapies were designed to treat are

A)worsened by the therapy
B) ignored by the therapy
C) emphasized by the therapy
D) humiliated by the therapy

Question 61

In a national survey, Pope and Tabachnick (1994) found that this percentage of practicing psychotherapists were also patients of other therapists.

A)22%
B) 29%
C) 61 %
D) 84%

Question 62

All of the following were discussed as adjuncts to traditional psychotherapy practice recommended by Kazdin and Blase's portfolio model, EXCEPT:

A)electroconvulsive therapy
B) mobile and texting therapies
C) emphasis on prevention
D) use of the Internet to reach new patients

Question 63

The use of drugs and other substances like nutritional supplements to treat psychological disorders and distress is called

A) pharmacotherapy
B) psychiatry
C) psychoanalysis
D) biological therapy

Question 64

Benzodiazepines are the most common class of medications known as

A) anxiolytics
B) antipsychotics
C) nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
D) mood stabilizers

Question 65

These drugs are mildly sedating and may reduce anxiety symptoms, at least in the short term.

A) barbiturates
B) benzodiazepines
C) GABA antagonists
D) muscle relaxers

Question 66

Anxiolytic medications such as benzodiazepines and barbiturates mainly affect the neurotransmitter

A) GABA
B) dopamine
C) norepinephrine
D) serotonin

Question 67

Which of the following is NOT a class of antidepressant drugs?

A) MAO inhibitors
B) trycyclic antidepressants
C) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
D) mood stabilizers

Question 68

These drugs, which include the brand -name drugs Marplan, Nardil, and Parnate, work by inhibiting, or suppressing, the brain's production of the enzyme monoamine oxidase.

A)MAO inhibitors
B) trycyclic antidepressants
C) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
D) mood stabilizers

Question 69

These antidepressants inhibit the brain's reuptake of several neurotransmitters, primarily norepinephrine and serotonin, thus prolonging activity of these chemicals at synapses.

A) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
B) tricyclic antidepressants
C) MAO inhibitors
D) barbiturates

Question 70

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) differ from tricyclic antidepressants because SSRIs

A) affect dopamine as well as serotonin and norepinephrine
B)affect only serotonin
C) affect GABA and serotonin
D) affect serotonin and norepinephrine

Question 71

Flu-like symptoms including dizziness, weakness, nausea, fatigue, feelings of "unreality," loss of balance, light -headedness, and "electric-shock" sensations are part of

A)seasonal affective disorder
B) third-generation antidepressant syndrome
C) SSRI discontinuation syndrome
D) tricyclic syndrome

Question 72

These drugs combinine selectivity for the neurotransmitter norepinephrine as well as for serotonin.

A) tricyclic antidepressants
B) selective serotonin and norepinephrine agonists
C) third-generation antidepressants
D) first-generation anxiolytics

Question 73

According to the U. S. Food and Drug Administration, which of the following populations is most at risk for increased suicidality while using antidepressants?

A)women over 65
B) men between the ages of 35 and 75
C) children and adolescents
D) men between the ages of 25 and 45

Question 74

This label is given to lithium, anticonvulsants, and second-generation antipsychotics, when they are prescribed to treat symptoms of bipolar disorder.

A) third-generation antidepressants
B) antipsychotics
C) mood stabilizers
D) mania reducers

Question 75

This mood stabilizer is a naturally occurring salt, but can have a number of serious side effects-including seizures or coma if the blood levels of the drug become too high.

A) lithium
B) Lamictal
C) Depakote
D) Abilify

Question 76

These drugs, used to treat bipolar disorder, have the advantage of being much less toxic than lithium, and patients do not seem to resist taking them as much as they do lithium.

A) anticonvulsants
B) second-generation antipsychotics
C) third-generation antidepressants
D) tricyclic mood stabilizers

Question 77

First-generation antipsychotics like Thorazine and Haldol were revolutionary in their effectiveness in reducing

A) positive symptoms of schizophrenia
B) negative symptoms of schizophrenia
C) manic episodes in bipolar disorder
D) bipolar depressive periods

Question 78

First-generation antipsychotics restrict the availability of this neurotransmitter.

A) dopamine
B) serotonin
C) norepinephrine
D) acetylcholine

Question 79

In addition to feeling "drugged," patients taking first-generation antipsychotics for a long period of time risked the development of this serious neurological condition.

A)Alzheimer's disease
B) Parkinson's disease
C) tardive dyskinesia
D) Huntington's disease

Question 80

In comparison to using first-generation antipsychotics for treating schizophrenia, second- generation antipsychotics

A) are more effective
B) have more risky side-effects
C) are able to treat negative symptoms of schizophrenia
D) are less expensive