Question 1

The term 'global commons' refers to areas and resources that are not under sovereign jurisdiction.

Accepted Answer

The term 'global commons' refers to areas and resources that are beyond the jurisdiction of any one nation and thus considered common to all. Examples include the high seas, the atmosphere, Antarctica, and outer space.

Question 2

The Stockholm Conference in 1972 produced both Principle 21, which combines sovereignty over national resources with state responsibility for external pollution, and Agenda 21, a plan for tackling it.

Accepted Answer

The Stockholm Conference in 1972 produced Principle 21, but Agenda 21 was a product of the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, not the Stockholm Conference.

Question 3

In practice, privatization or nationalization approaches have only limited applicability to the problem of global commons.

Accepted Answer

Privatization and nationalization are typically applied to resources or entities within a country's borders and have limited applicability to global commons (like the high seas, the atmosphere, and outer space) because these are beyond the jurisdiction of any single nation and require international cooperation to manage.

Question 4

A 'framework convention' signals concern and establishes mechanisms for developing and sharing new scientific data related to a specific issue.

Accepted Answer

A 'framework convention' is indeed designed to signal concern about a particular issue and establishes mechanisms for cooperation, including the development and sharing of new scientific data, to address that issue.

Question 5

The Kyoto Protocol was established in 1992 at the Rio Conference on the Environment.

Accepted Answer

The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in 1997 in Kyoto, Japan, not in 1992 at the Rio Conference. The Rio Conference, also known as the Earth Summit, led to the establishment of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), but the Kyoto Protocol was a later agreement under the UNFCCC framework.

Question 6

The classic statement on 'sustainable development' was provided in 1987 by the ______ .&#10;A) Brundtland Commission Report.&#10;B) Montreal Protocol.&#10;C) Kyoto Protocol.&#10;D) Stockholm Conference.

Accepted Answer

The Brundtland Commission Report, officially known as the Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future, defined sustainable development as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This definition was provided in 1987.

Question 7

The Rio Earth Summit (1992) led to the establishment of which programme/convention?&#10;A) Principle 21.&#10;B) The UN Environment Programme (UNEP).&#10;C) The Kyoto Protocol.&#10;D) Agenda 21.

Accepted Answer

The Rio Earth Summit, officially known as the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, led to the establishment of Agenda 21. Agenda 21 is a comprehensive plan of action to be taken globally, nationally, and locally by organizations of the United Nations System, Governments, and Major Groups in every area in which humans impact the environment.

Question 8

According to this chapter, what is often omitted from discussions of international environmental cooperation?&#10;A) Norms and identities.&#10;B) The pursuit of power, status, and wealth.&#10;C) The role of regimes.&#10;D) Scientific information.

Accepted Answer

The pursuit of power, status, and wealth is often omitted from discussions of international environmental cooperation because it can be seen as a taboo topic. However, it is an important factor to consider, as it can influence the way that countries cooperate on environmental issues.

Question 9

The Montreal Protocol (1987) was established to deal with the depletion of ____ .&#10;A) fish and wildlife stocks&#10;B) the global commons&#10;C) greenhouse gas emissions&#10;D) the ozone layer

Accepted Answer

The Montreal Protocol was established to address the depletion of the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion.

Question 10

Greenhouse gases have risen because&#8230;&#10;A) Fossil fuel consumption has risen globally.&#10;B) Forest land has decreased.&#10;C) Agriculture has stimulated increased methane production.&#10;D) All of the options given are correct.

Accepted Answer

All the options are correct as fossil fuel consumption, deforestation, and agriculture all contribute to the increase in greenhouse gases.

Question 11

'Common but differentiated responsibilities' refers to&#8230;&#10;A) The argument that all countries share a responsibility for the world's changing climate, but they can each adopt mitigation measures that align with their unique social and cultural contexts.&#10;B) The notion that the populations of all nations suffer from the effects of climate change, but only some countries are responsible.&#10;C) The notion that although all nations had to accept responsibility for the world's changing climate, it was developed (Annex 1) nations that were immediately responsible because they had benefited from industrialization.&#10;D) None of the answers given are correct.

Accepted Answer

The answer of 'Common but differentiated responsibilities' refers to&#8230;&#10;A) The...

Question 12

Efforts to explain the role of environmental treaty making by stressing as a key motivating factor the joint gains arising from cooperative solutions to the problem of providing public goods such as a clean atmosphere reflect which approach to International Relations?

A) Realist
B) Liberal institutionalist
C) Constructivist
D) Marxist

Accepted Answer

The answer of Efforts to explain the role of environmental...

Deck 24: Environmental Issues