Deck 4: Contemporary Racial Framing: White Americans

Question 1

Racial prejudice:

A) has been defined as antipathy toward a racialized "other" based on a faulty generalization.
B) can be directed toward a group as a whole, or toward an individual as a member of that group.
C) has an emotional and a belief dimension.
D) usually includes a negative feeling about a racial out-group, as well as a negative belief.
E) All the above

Answer 1

All the above

Question 2

Racist attitudes tend to distort the targeted group's __________.

A) origins.
B) physical appearance.
C) values.
D) culture.
E) All the above

Answer 2

All the above

Question 3

Racist attitudes and images are constantly available to virtually all whites, including the very young, by means of:

A) presentations in daily discourse.
B) presentations in the media.
C) through the writings of intellectuals.
D) in the speeches of politicians and business leaders.
E) All the above

Answer 3

All the above

Question 4

In the decades before the Civil War, all but one of the following elite white men attended whites-in-blackface minstrel shows.

A) Presbyterian Minister Lyman Beecher
B) President John Tyler
C) President Abraham Lincoln
D) Novelist Mark Twain

Question 5

Whites-in-blackface minstrel shows included _____________.

A) a vocabulary of racist epithets.
B) a mocking of black English speakers.
C) a portrayal of white fantasies and white fictions (e.g., the white-male fantasy of the oversexed black woman).
D) All the above

Question 6

According to 1930s and 1940s national opinion surveys cited by Joe Feagin and Kimberley Ducey, there was then all the following EXCEPT:

A) strong white opposition to racially integrated trains and buses.
B) strong white opposition to racially integrated conditions in the armed forces.
C) strong white support for white people having the first chance at any type of employment.
D) strong white support for the recent Olympic victories of Jesse Owens and other non-European athletes.

Question 7

A 1963 Harris poll found a majority of whites admitted that they agreed with statements about black Americans, including all the following EXCEPT:

A) they "tend to have less ambition."
B) they should have "limited opportunities in both college and professional sports."
C) they "smell different."
D) they "have looser morals."

Question 8

A recent Washington Post analysis of surveys polling three generations of white Americans found:

A) 31 percent of white millennials polled openly said that blacks were less hardworking than whites.
B) nearly one-third of white millennials polled agreed that blacks' lack of motivation explained why they were less successful economically.
C) almost one-quarter of white millennials polled felt blacks were less intelligent than whites.
D) All the above

Question 9

In Joe Feagin's and Leslie Picca's study of whites-only backstage settings, ____________ appear in a substantial majority of the white-racist commentaries, jokes, and performances reported by students in various geographical regions.

A) African Americans
B) Native Americans
C) Latinos
D) Asian Americans

Question 10

While other racial groups are periodically targeted, verbal and other attacks on them are not nearly as numerous as on ____________, according to Joe Feagin's and Leslie Picca's study of whites-only backstage settings.

A) African Americans
B) Native Americans
C) Latinos
D) Asian Americans

Question 11

In his study of Google searches for racial terms, researcher Seth Stephens-Davidowitz found:

A) anti-Semitic jokes are 17 times as common as all other online racist and homophobic jokes combined.
B) there are approximately seven million online searches annually that include the harsh-epithet word "nigger," many of which are searches for anti-black racist jokes.
C) that Google decided to close comments on stories about Indigenous people because a disproportionate number of them crossed the line and violated their guidelines.
D) gendered racist jokes are more common than all other kinds of online racist jokes combined.

Question 12

Coining the term intersectionality for critical race studies, ________________ has critiqued mainstream feminist studies for neglecting the intersectional position of black women, who jointly face systemic sexism and systemic racism.

A) Patricia Hill Collins
B) Kimberlé Crenshaw
C) Philomena Essed
D) Yanick St. Jean
E) Adia Wingfield

Question 13

________________ has done extensive analyses of how racial oppression intersects with gender oppression, and how fully understanding this reality forms a distinctive black feminist epistemological perspective and brings a "paradigmatic shift in how we think about oppression."

A) Patricia Hill Collins
B) Kimberlé Crenshaw
C) Philomena Essed
D) Yanick St. Jean
E) Adia Wingfield

Question 14

In their research sociologists ________________ and ________________ have developed the concept of gendered racism to accent the intersectional reality.

A) Patricia Hill Collins; Kimberlé Crenshaw
B) Philomena Essed; Yanick St. Jean
C) Joe Feagin; Leslie Picca
D) Adia Wingfield; Kimberley Ducey

Question 15

________________ has studied the ways in which black women have been portrayed "as stereotypical mammies, matriarchs, welfare recipients, and hot mommas," concluding this portrayal "has been essential to the political economy of domination fostering Black women's oppression."

A) Patricia Hill Collins
B) Kimberlé Crenshaw
C) Philomena Essed
D) Yanick St. Jean
E) Adia Wingfield

Question 16

One major 1990s poll found that the majority of those questioned wrongly believed that the poorest people in the U.S. are _________ and that most welfare recipients are _________.

A) African Americans; African Americans
B) Native Americans; Native Americans
C) Latinos; Latinos
D) Asian Americans; Asian Americans

Question 17

Recent surveys of undergraduates show that they still disproportionately connect images of black women to all the following negative stereotypes EXCEPT:

A) single motherhood.
B) sexual activity.
C) jungle bunnies.
D) poverty.
E) public welfare assistance.

Question 18

Researchers examined major newspaper editorials and opinion commentaries for the 1994-2010 era, most of them written by moderate or liberal commentators. They found:

A) when media commentators discussed poverty among blacks they were likely to suggest that their poverty resulted from problematical individual causes, such as laziness, or from their buying into a so-called culture of poverty.
B) conservative media commentators were more likely than liberal media commentators to suggest that poverty among blacks resulted from problematical individual causes, such as laziness.
C) conservative media commentators were more likely then liberal media commentators to suggest that poverty among blacks resulted in a so-called culture of poverty.
D) All the above

Question 19

Research by __________ on black beauty-salon owners found that such businesses are places where black beauty is defined, honored, and enhanced, often in resistance to white racial framing.

A) Louwanda Evans
B) Philomena Essed
C) Yanick St. Jean
D) Adia Wingfield
E) Kamesha Spates

Question 20

In contrast to the negative framing of black women by whites is the reality of black women's creativity and, as __________ put it, their subtle resistance and "coping mechanisms that act as protective barriers" against life's stresses.

A) Louwanda Evans
B) Philomena Essed
C) Yanick St. Jean
D) Adia Wingfield
E) Kamesha Spates

Question 21

__________ has noted that historically one white male goal in extreme racist stereotyping of black men has been to keep white women from being sexually interested in them.

A) Tommy Curry
B) Patricia Hill Collins
C) Kimberlé Crenshaw
D) Adia Wingfield
E) Kamesha Spates

Question 22

__________ suggests that common stereotypes (such as the rapist, deviant, and criminal) rationalize the deaths of black men amongst white individuals and manufacture consensus about the levels of violence imposed upon them by the larger white society.

A) Tommy Curry
B) Patricia Hill Collins
C) Kimberlé Crenshaw
D) Adia Wingfield
E) Kamesha Spates

Question 23

This U.S. president reportedly said that white southerners opposed to school desegregation were "not bad people. All they are concerned about is to see that their sweet little girls are not required to sit in school alongside some big overgrown Negroes."

A) Franklin Roosevelt
B) Dwight Eisenhower
C) Harry Truman
D) John Kennedy
E) Lyndon Johnson

Question 24

A 2017 study of the conservative Fox cable channel examined their coverage of the shooting of an unarmed black male teenager by a white officer in Ferguson, Missouri. The researcher found that Fox did all the following EXCEPT:

A) largely operate from a negative and racist framing of black people.
B) victim blame the black male teenager, black community, and blacks and others who protested that police killing.
C) engage in white defensive actions, arguing that whites' fear of even the presence of black men is "rational" because of the official black crime rate.
D) ignore well-documented police malpractice issues across the U.S.

Question 25

One group of researchers reviewed the significant literature on news depictions of African Americans and found:

A) African Americans are more than four times as likely to appear as felons than as police officers in local television news programs.
B) African Americans are underrepresented in television coverage as crime victims.
C) African American suspects are more likely than white suspects to be nameless in news stories.
D) African American suspects are more likely to be framed as "menacing" or "in the grasp of the police" than white suspects.
E) All the above

Question 26

A recent study examined Los Angeles media news broadcasts in regard to their portrayals of crime perpetrators. Researchers compared media coverage with official criminal data for the years 2008 and 2012. The researchers:

A) found little progress between 2008 and 2012 in less stereotypical media portrayals of black and Latino perpetrators, victims, and officers.
B) found that whites were not overrepresented among the police officers portrayed on television as compared to their actual numbers in law-enforcement agencies.
C) found that whites were substantially more likely to be shown as murder victims than their actual numbers should have dictated.
D) All the above

Question 27

A Los Angeles study surveyed 506 English-speaking respondents. Researchers found that:

A) people who paid the most attention to crime news programs were less likely to be affected by the over-representation of black criminals and thus hold the most extreme racist stereotypes of black people as criminals.
B) people who paid the most attention to crime news were most likely to give harsher culpability ratings to the study's presentation of hypothetical black suspects than to similar presentations of hypothetical white suspects.
C) people who paid the most attention to crime news were twice the national average to hold racist stereotypes of black people as criminals than people who paid little attention to crime news.
D) people who paid the most attention to news stories about crimes perpetrated by African Americans were disproportionately likely to hold racist stereotypes of black people as criminals, especially if the victims were white.

Question 28

Sociologist Charles Gallagher studied whites' substantial overestimation of the size and proportion of the black population. His findings include all the following EXCEPT:

A) whites who watched a lot of sports programs and saw many black athletes concluded that the U.S. has a high percentage of black Americans.
B) media presentations of black poverty led whites to conclude that the U.S. has a high percentage of black Americans.
C) media presentations of black people demonstrating against racial discrimination led whites to conclude that the U.S. has a high percentage of black Americans.

Question 29

This theory suggests that viewers of TV seem to believe that the world created by television is an accurate depiction of the real world.

A) Argumentum Ad Populum
B) Consensus Reality
C) Feedback Loop
D) Media Cultivation
E) Tinkerbell Effect

Question 30

Studies of white police officers have found all the following EXCEPT:

A) white police officers are no more likely to be racially resentful of blacks than are other (non-police) whites.
B) white police officers are much more likely to see blacks as violent than are other (non-police) whites.
C) white police officers are much more likely to believe that whites face racial discrimination in workplaces than are other (non-police) whites.
D) mostly white police officers arrest and kill black males at significantly higher rates than males in other racial groups.

Question 31

Recently, researchers complied data from district attorney and police files in order to assess criminal suspect and officer characteristics, as well as contextual factors in police shooting incidents in the Denver area. What did these in-depth data reveal?

A) Police officers, including a substantial majority who were white and a minority who were officers of color, were more restrained and compassionate in dealing with whites than blacks.
B) Police officers saw black suspects as much more threatening than whites.
C) While blacks were more likely to be shot than whites, they were not more likely to be involved in serious crimes or to have just victimized other people, including police officers.
D) Broader "societal fears" of community crime involving blacks seemed to influence numerous officers not to wait for more information and to be quicker in shooting black and Latino suspects.
E) All the above

Question 32

All the following statements are true regarding whites compared to blacks, EXCEPT:

A) white youth are less likely than black youth to smoke cigarettes and drink alcohol.
B) whites high school students routinely indicate they are more likely to use illegal drugs than black high school students.
C) rates of drug abuse are higher for single-parent white families than for single-parent black families.
D) rates of child abuse are higher for single-parent white families than for single-parent black families.
E) periodic surveys of white adults and black adults indicate variable percentages of illegal drug use, but white percentages are often higher.

Question 33

In a 1990s study, James Rada examined televised pro-football games on major networks and found all the following EXCEPT:

A) in remarks by on-air announcers, black athletes received most of the positive comments relating to physical talents.
B) in remarks by on-air announcers, white athletes received most of the positive comments relating to cognitive abilities and intelligence.
C) in remarks by on-air announcers, black men were often portrayed as more animal-like than white men.
D) in remarks by on-air announcers, black men were often portrayed as destroyers of insidious stereotypes.
E) in remarks by on-air announcers, white men were often portrayed as the "thinking men" on the field.

Question 34

Pew Center surveys have found that most black respondents report widespread racial discrimination in major institutions. In one major survey:

A) 84 percent emphasized racial discrimination targeting black people in policing.
B) 66 percent emphasized racial discrimination targeting black people in dealing with financial institutions.
C) 64 percent emphasized racial discrimination targeting black people in employment settings.
D) 49 percent emphasized racial discrimination targeting black people in restaurants.
E) All the above

Question 35

Pew Center surveys have found that most black respondents report widespread racial discrimination in major institutions. In one major survey:

A) 42 percent of black respondents emphasized racial discrimination targeting black people in voting.
B) 71 of percent of black respondents reported being the targets of discrimination themselves.
C) almost half of black respondents noted that in the last year someone had treated them as suspicious because of their racial characteristics.
D) nearly half of black respondents reported someone had questioned their intelligence because of their racial characteristics.
E) All the above

Question 36

Official U.S. slavery ended in _____.

A) 1666.
B) 1701.
C) 1795.
D) 1865.
E) 1914.

Question 37

_________ after Donald Trump's 2016 presidential electoral victory, the Southern Poverty Law Center counted more than 400 hate-driven incidents, including 136 targeting immigrants, 89 targeting black people, and 43 targeting LGBTQ people.

A) Five days
B) Five weeks
C) Five months
D) Twelve months
E) Eighteen months

Question 38

Which of the following beliefs illustrates symbolic racism?

A) African Americans no longer face much prejudice or discrimination.
B) African Americans' failure to improve their lot in life is due to an unwillingness to work sufficiently hard.
C) African Americans make excessive demands.
D) African Americans have received more than they deserve.
E) All the above

Question 39

This term arose from pioneering work by Harvard sociologist Lawrence Bobo and his colleagues wherein negative stereotypes of African Americans shape public policy in pernicious but ostensibly race-neutral ways.

A) symbolic racism
B) laissez-faire racism
C) contemporary racism
D) systemic racism
E) institutional racism

Question 40

In a 1970s survey of mostly white local and national leaders in business, which of the following groups was then overwhelmingly opposed to specific affirmative action for black Americans in school admissions and jobs.

A) farmers
B) unions
C) media
D) academics
E) All the above

Question 41

A recent study of 107 white mothers of young white children found all the following EXCEPT:

A) most of white mothers agreed that discussing racial matters with children was important.
B) most of the white mothers said they used a critical color-conscious approach when discussing racial matters with their white children.
C) most of the white mothers said they used a colorblind ("ignore a person's race") approach when discussing racial matters with their white children.
D) most of the white mothers said they used a color-mute ("don't talk about race") approach when discussing racial matters with their white children.

Question 42

Reviewing existing research, Jessie Daniels and Nicolas Lalone have concluded that over recent decades the gaming world has been heavily white-oriented in the:

A) makeup of players.
B) makeup of game-makers.
C) procedures or systems included in the games themselves.
D) All the above

Question 43

Most actual construction of video games is controlled by ________, and sometimes ________, game creators.

A) white; Asian
B) white; Indigenous
C) white; black

Question 44

Some types of ____________, as scholar Geoff Mann puts it, sound white in tone because they often express or imply white-racist views of society and are the "voice of nostalgia" that calls whites to remember an even more white-controlled societal past.

A) classical music
B) country music
C) pop music
D) folk music
E) rock music

Question 45

A recent survey by the Public Religion Research Institute found all the following EXCEPT:

A) many whites had co-workers who are people of color.
B) three-quarters of white respondents had no person of color in their immediate friendship network.
C) many whites had very few friends of color.

Question 46

Utilizing 350 white respondents in two national surveys, researchers found that:

A) people with less interracial exposure in their everyday lives harbored less racial prejudice toward mixed-race individuals than those with lower interracial exposure.
B) people with less interracial exposure in their everyday lives harbored more racial prejudice toward mixed-race individuals than those with higher interracial exposure.
C) people with more interracial exposure in their everyday lives harbored less racial prejudice toward mixed-race individuals than those with higher interracial exposure.
D) people with more interracial exposure in their everyday lives harbored more racial prejudice toward mixed-race individuals than those with lower interracial exposure.

Question 47

White first- and fourth-graders attending heavily white schools where they had very little contact with African Americans:

A) revealed much more racial prejudice in rating hypothetical interracial encounters than white children at more racially diverse schools.
B) were more likely to attribute negative intentions in ambiguous situations to blacks than to whites.
C) indicated that they felt that wrongdoing by a black child was likely to prevent interracial friendships, whereas similar wrongdoing by a white child was less likely to affect friendships.
D) All the above

Question 48

Researchers have found:

A) that white and other nonblack subjects who revealed greater implicit bias toward black Americans were more likely than other subjects to report engaging in explicit discrimination (e.g., hurling racist slurs).
B) white students with strong racial biases were more likely than other whites to recommend budget cuts for black, Asian, and Jewish student organizations in assessing hypothetical college situations.
C) 31 studies of health care professionals revealed significant pro-white or light-skin bias and/or anti-black or other dark-skin bias among white health care providers.
D) six studies of health care professionals reported greater implicit racial bias was linked to inequalities in treatment recommendations, anticipations of therapeutic bonds, pain management, and empathy.
E) All the above

Question 49

Many research studies have shown that whites' racist thought or action against black Americans is frequently precipitated by a visual or verbal cue. What is probably the most common cue?

A) perceived black speech accents.
B) perceived black mannerisms.
C) lightness or darkness of skin.
D) the black body.
E) hair style and/or texture.

Question 50

When whites perceive someone to fit their internalized criteria for blackness - which can be skin color, other physical characteristics, or speech - their minds may generate negative attitudes or images, and they may act according to those negative attitudes or images. Possible responses include:

A) they do not automatically activate an anti-black stereotype when they encounter a black person.
B) they may activate a positive image and generally act in antiracist ways.
C) they react routinely and consciously to racial cues with an overtly negative evaluation.
D) they actively express negative views in discriminatory action.
E) All the above

Question 51

When whites perceive someone to fit their internalized criteria for blackness - which can be skin color, other physical characteristics, or speech - their minds may generate negative attitudes or images, and they may act according to those negative attitudes or images. Possible responses include:

A) negative evaluations activated in response to racial cues.
B) they act on racist views but unconsciously.
C) they are aware of the negative evaluations and try to counter them to varying degrees.
D) All the above

Question 52

In one social science study, white and other nonblack college students who were exposed to black faces were quicker in recognizing hazy drawings of apes than those not exposed to black faces.

Question 53

In one social science study, white students' blacks-as-apes mental connections, primed by ape-related words, tended to shape their willingness to accept more police violence against a black criminal suspect than against a similar white suspect when these students were shown videos of police violence.

Question 54

Images in white minds of black Americans as ape-like and ape-linked are limited to the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

Question 55

Anti-black attitudes and images are revealed and reproduced constantly in the everyday discourse, commentaries, and writings of whites and other nonblacks.

Question 56

Framing black Americans in negative terms and framing whites in positive terms are perspectives shaped by elite indoctrination, such as through the media.

Question 57

Framing black Americans in negative terms and framing whites in positive terms constitutes the way a majority of ordinary whites regularly communicate with each other about racial matters.

Question 58

Most racial stereotyping and prejudice portray racialized others negatively but do not imbed a learned predisposition to act in a negative way toward racialized others.

Question 59

Racist ways of thinking and feeling can be conscious and directly stimulate discriminatory action, but are never unconscious and implicit in that damaging action.

Question 60

Historical data on white images of and attitudes toward black Americans suggest that for centuries the overwhelming majority of whites have not been openly and unapologetically racist.

Question 61

National opinion surveys before the 1930s found that an overwhelming majority of whites to be openly and unapologetically racist.

Question 62

Whites-in-blackface minstrel shows continued well into the 1900s.

Question 63

National opinion surveys in the 1930s showed little white support for segregationist views.

Question 64

National opinion surveys in the 1930s showed strong support for overtly racist views amongst white.

Question 65

A 1930s Roper poll reported that one in ten respondents thought blacks should be kept out of white residential areas.

Question 66

A 1940s Gallup poll found strong support for racially integrated conditions in the armed forces.

Question 67

A 1940s Gallup poll found that only nine percent of Americans polled thought there should be racially segregated trains and buses.

Question 68

By the 1960s publicly expressed support for legal racial segregation was declining.

Question 69

In the 1960s, a majority of white respondents polled said they disapproved of a voting rights law.

Question 70

In the 1960s, a majority of white respondents polled said they disapproved of a fair employment practices law.

Question 71

In the 1960s, a majority of white respondents polled said they were not committed to substantial federal interventions to implement voting rights law or fair employment practices law.

Question 72

In a 1963 survey, 50 percent of whites polls said they would object to a black family moving next door to them.

Question 73

In recent decades, opinion surveys of whites indicate that most publicly support, when given abstract questions, equality of opportunity and equality of treatment.

Question 74

In recent decades, opinion surveys of whites indicate that most oppose racial discrimination.

Question 75

In recent decades, opinion surveys of whites indicate that the majority do not believe there is widespread racial discrimination, and thus do not believe that governments should actively intervene to secure further racial equality.

Question 76

Recent research suggests that the apparent decrease in anti-black images, prejudices, and stereotypes amongst whites from the 1930s to the present reflects to a significant degree increased white concern for social acceptability.

Question 77

Recent research on white students at major college campuses found racial attitudes expressed on short-answer survey items were often identical to those expressed in response to similar interview questions requiring detailed responses.

Question 78

In survey research, whites often use a variety of hedging phrases (e.g., "I agree and disagree") to apparently downplay racist views.

Question 79

In opinion polls a majority of whites nowadays appear to be unopposed to interracial marriages on brief survey questions.

Question 80

When given more time to express their views than a typical survey might allow, a majority of contemporary whites frequently reveal significant hedging or outright resistance to intermarriage within their families.