Deck 6: Socialism and Communism After Marx

Question 1

Lenin argued that the proletariat, without assistance, could only attain the level of

A) "trade-union consciousness."
B) "democratic consciousness."
C) "revolutionary class consciousness."
D) "revisionist consciousness."
E) "unconsciousness."

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Lenin attempted to explain World War I by means of his

A) immiseration thesis.
B) iron law of militarism.
C) theory of imperialism.
D) all of the above.
E) none of the above.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Socialism can and should be achieved gradually and peacefully, not by revolution, according to

A) the Fabian socialists.
B) the Marxist-Leninists.
C) Maoists.
D) revisionist Marxists.
E) both A and D are correct.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

The revolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat is neither necessary nor desirable, according to

A) Vladimir I. Lenin.
B) Eduard Bernstein.
C) Mao Zedong.
D) Mikhail (Michael) Bakunin.
E) both B and D are correct.

Question 5

The leaders of the communist revolutions in Russia and China were

A) Josef Stalin and Chiang Kai-shek.
B) Mikhail Gorbachev and Deng Xiaopeng.
C) Peter Kropotkin and Sun Yat-sen.
D) Ivan Bolshevik and Michael Chang.
E) Vladimir I. Lenin and Mao Zedong.

Question 6

Lenin did NOT believe that

A) "trade-union consciousness" would help to bring about revolution.
B) revolutionary class consciousness would have to be instilled in or taught to the working class.
C) the Communist Party must be the vanguard of the proletariat.
D) imperialism is the highest, and last, stage of capitalism.
E) the Communist Party must be the dictator in the name of the proletariat.

Question 7

Contrary to Marx and Lenin, Josef Stalin insisted on the need

A) to create and consolidate "socialism in one country."
B) for a "vanguard party" to lead the revolution.
C) to begin the revolution in the countryside, not in the industrial cities.
D) to go through capitalism before attempting a socialist revolution.
E) for open debate and criticism within dialectical materialism.

Question 8

Lenin extended Marx's theory by arguing that

A) the Communist Party must be the vanguard of the revolution.
B) socialism or communism cannot begin until capitalism has run its course.
C) communist society will begin only when the state withers away.
D) the Communist Party must be the dictator in the name of the proletariat.
E) both A and D are correct.

Question 9

Who added the ideas of "the rural proletariat" and "proletarian nations" to Marxist-Leninism?

A) José Ortega y Gasset
B) Mao Zedong
C) Edward Bellamy
D) Leon Trotsky
E) Emma Goldman

Question 10

Who argued that means, or moral considerations, should be as important as the victory of socialism?

A) Vladimir I. Lenin
B) Josef Stalin
C) Eduard Bernstein
D) Mao Zedong
E) Emma Woodhouse

Question 11

Eduard Bernstein and other revisionist Marxists usually argue that

A) class struggle plays no part in the movement toward socialism.
B) Marx's predictions are correct, but his revolutionary strategy is wrong.
C) workers in capitalist society no longer suffer from alienation or exploitation.
D) Marx's theory is basically correct, but some of his key predictions were wrong.
E) Marx's theory needs to be revised to take account of imperialism.

Question 12

Marx's theory is an unchallengeable scientific account of how things are and should be, according to

A) Charles Fourier.
B) Edward Bellamy.
C) Friedrich Engels.
D) Mikhail Bakunin.
E) Eduard Bernstein.

Question 13

According to Vladimir I. Lenin, World War I was

A) the result of revolutionary class consciousness among the bourgeoisie.
B) a clear example of the alienation of surplus value among the masses.
C) the first blow struck against capitalism by the vanguard party.
D) a struggle between imperialist countries for cheap labor, raw materials, and foreign markets.
E) both B and C are correct.

Question 14

Although he agreed with Marx on the need for a revolution, Mikhail Bakunin criticized Marx for

A) misunderstanding the master-slave dialectic.
B) insisting that capitalism must precede socialism.
C) arguing that imperialism is the highest stage of capitalism.
D) laying the basis for a new oppressing class and a new form of oppression.
E) failing to see that the theory of surplus value contradicted the need for democratic centralism.

Question 15

Evolutionary theory justifies anarcho-communism, according to Peter Kropotkin, because it shows that

A) innovative schemes like anarchism increase the chances for survival.
B) only the strongest survive, and the anarchists are the strongest.
C) nature rewards those species that learn to cooperate for the good of all their members.
D) competition is natural, and no society is more competitive than anarchy.
E) both A and D are correct.

Question 16

Socialist movements have been LEAST influential in

A) France.
B) Great Britain.
C) China.
D) Germany.
E) the United States.

Question 17

According to Vladimir I. Lenin, the vanguard party should

A) serve as a tutor and guide for the masses, who don't understand their true interests.
B) be led by one all-powerful, authoritative leader.
C) encourage discussion and debate to continue after a decision has been made.
D) maintain revolutionary unity by not allowing free discussion within the party.
E) be composed entirely of members of the working class.

Question 18

Lenin used which of the following to explain how the revolution could begin in a country like Russia?

A) democratic centralism
B) anarcho-communism
C) peasant populism
D) recidivism
E) imperialism

Question 19

One of Mao Zedong's contributions to Marxist theory was the

A) ideal of a gradual, peaceful evolution from capitalism to socialism.
B) idea of democratic centralism.
C) idea that whole countries, such as China, are proletarian nations.
D) idea that dialectical materialism explains scientific as well as political changes.
E) decision to make everyone wear comfortable, pajama-style clothes.

Question 20

To apply Marx's theory to Russia and China, Lenin and Mao had to deal with the problem that

A) capitalism was succeeding in their countries, so people were not likely to want to overthrow it.
B) few people in their countries could read German, so few could read Marx's writings.
C) Marx had always called for gradual evolution to socialism rather than violent revolution.
D) Marx expected the revolution to begin in industrialized, capitalist societies.
E) Marx had devoted all his efforts to bringing about a revolution in his German homeland.

Question 21

Eduard Bernstein is called a "revisionist" Marxist because he

A) attempted to revive interest in Marxism after Marx's death in 1883.
B) attempted to correct Marx's theory to account for predictions that had failed to come true.
C) rejected Marx's claim that class struggle is the most important force in history.
D) favored a violent and immediate overthrow of the bourgeoisie.
E) sided with the anarcho-communists in their attempt to abolish government altogether.

Question 22

Emma Goldman wanted to

A) liberate people from the shackles of capitalism, the state, and marriage.
B) use Jewish and Christian teachings to persuade people to become socialists.
C) establish a society in which each member uses a debit card instead of money.
D) strengthen the government so that political power could replace capitalism with socialism.
E) both C and D are correct.

Question 23

Friedrich Engels's reinterpretation of Marx's theories centers around

A) materialism and scientific socialism.
B) the vanguard party and the cult of personality.
C) original sin and alienation.
D) democratic centralism and imperialism.
E) replacing the command economy with market socialism.

Question 24

Proponents of decentralized forms of socialism usually support

A) a command economy.
B) control of the economy by a vanguard party of intellectuals.
C) Stalinist forms of government.
D) control of the economy by various local groups of workers.
E) state control of the economy.

Question 25

Friedrich Engels altered Marx's theory in the direction of philosophical

A) idealism.
B) pragmatism.
C) Kantianism.
D) materialism.
E) none of the above.

Question 26

Which of the following were revolutionary Marxists (or Marxist-Leninists)?

A) Thomas More and Saint-Simon
B) Robert Owen and Charles Fourier
C) Eduard Bernstein and Mikhail (or Michael) Bakunin
D) Edward Bellamy and Emma Goldman
E) Joseph Stalin and Mao Zedong

Question 27

In order to motivate people to work hard and well, even at dirty or dangerous jobs, Edward Bellamy proposed to

A) follow the principle, "From each according to ability, to each according to labor."
B) follow the principle, "From each according to ability, to each according to need."
C) force people to work under the watchful eye of "socialist superintendents."
D) reward workers' efforts by giving them extra leisure and social recognition.
E) raise the wages or salaries of those who are especially effective workers.

Question 28

World War I convinced Lenin that Marx's theory was false.

Question 29

Lenin believed that the working class would spontaneously organize and overthrow capitalism.

Question 30

Socialists favor unrestricted economic competition as a way of ensuring the "survival of the fittest."

Question 31

Socialists are opposed to democracy.

Question 32

All socialists favor centralized state planning and management of the economy.

Question 33

Marx praised the Russian Revolution for its egalitarian or "levelling" effects.

Question 34

Marx did not even try to draw detailed plans for future communist society.

Question 35

Marx predicted that proletarian revolution would begin in economically underdeveloped countries.

Question 36

Lenin tried to refute the revisionist claim that capitalism was peacefully evolving into socialism.

Question 37

Mao held that the poor would "encircle" and eventually strangle the wealthy capitalist countries.

Question 38

Friedrich Engels was a wealthy capitalist and Marx's co-author.

Question 39

Ferdinand Lassalle opposed Marx's internationalist version of socialism with his own nationalist version.

Question 40

Eduard Bernstein favored revising Marxian theory to make it square with newly emerging economic facts.

Question 41

Eduard Bernstein faulted Marxian theory and practice for focusing only or mainly on the distant future and not on present-day human suffering.

Question 42

Eduard Bernstein attempted to marry Marxian theory with Kant's moral philosophy.

Question 43

After being deported to Russia in 1919, the anarchist Emma Goldman became an ardent supporter of the new Bolshevik regime.

Question 44

Matching
Fill in the blanks with the letter corresponding to the names or terms listed below. Some names or terms may be used more than once and others not at all.
-Bolshevik who advocated an elite "vanguard party":

A)Josef Stalin
B)Edward Bellamy
C) Eduard Bernstein
D)Alfred Rosenberg
E)Leo Tolstoy
F)Thomas More
G)Emma Goldman
H) Mao Zedong
I) Roberto Michels
J) Chiang Kai-shek
K) Friedrich Engels
L) Elizabeth Bennet
M) Vladimir I. Lenin
N) Mikhail (Michael) Bakunin

Question 45

Matching
Fill in the blanks with the letter corresponding to the names or terms listed below. Some names or terms may be used more than once and others not at all.
-Late leader of the Chinese Communist Party:

A)Josef Stalin
B)Edward Bellamy
C) Eduard Bernstein
D)Alfred Rosenberg
E)Leo Tolstoy
F)Thomas More
G)Emma Goldman
H) Mao Zedong
I) Roberto Michels
J) Chiang Kai-shek
K) Friedrich Engels
L) Elizabeth Bennet
M) Vladimir I. Lenin
N) Mikhail (Michael) Bakunin

Question 46

Matching
Fill in the blanks with the letter corresponding to the names or terms listed below. Some names or terms may be used more than once and others not at all.
-Author of utopian novel Looking Backward:

A)Josef Stalin
B)Edward Bellamy
C) Eduard Bernstein
D)Alfred Rosenberg
E)Leo Tolstoy
F)Thomas More
G)Emma Goldman
H) Mao Zedong
I) Roberto Michels
J) Chiang Kai-shek
K) Friedrich Engels
L) Elizabeth Bennet
M) Vladimir I. Lenin
N) Mikhail (Michael) Bakunin

Question 47

Matching
Fill in the blanks with the letter corresponding to the names or terms listed below. Some names or terms may be used more than once and others not at all.
-Claimed that the Communist Party needed an all-wise, infallible, and all-powerful leader:

A)Josef Stalin
B)Edward Bellamy
C) Eduard Bernstein
D)Alfred Rosenberg
E)Leo Tolstoy
F)Thomas More
G)Emma Goldman
H) Mao Zedong
I) Roberto Michels
J) Chiang Kai-shek
K) Friedrich Engels
L) Elizabeth Bennet
M) Vladimir I. Lenin
N) Mikhail (Michael) Bakunin

Question 48

Matching
Fill in the blanks with the letter corresponding to the names or terms listed below. Some names or terms may be used more than once and others not at all.
-Leader of Bolsheviks and vehement critic of "revisionism":

A)Josef Stalin
B)Edward Bellamy
C) Eduard Bernstein
D)Alfred Rosenberg
E)Leo Tolstoy
F)Thomas More
G)Emma Goldman
H) Mao Zedong
I) Roberto Michels
J) Chiang Kai-shek
K) Friedrich Engels
L) Elizabeth Bennet
M) Vladimir I. Lenin
N) Mikhail (Michael) Bakunin

Question 49

Matching
Fill in the blanks with the letter corresponding to the names or terms listed below. Some names or terms may be used more than once and others not at all.
-Anarcho-communist who campaigned for the right to use birth control:

A)Josef Stalin
B)Edward Bellamy
C) Eduard Bernstein
D)Alfred Rosenberg
E)Leo Tolstoy
F)Thomas More
G)Emma Goldman
H) Mao Zedong
I) Roberto Michels
J) Chiang Kai-shek
K) Friedrich Engels
L) Elizabeth Bennet
M) Vladimir I. Lenin
N) Mikhail (Michael) Bakunin

Question 50

Matching
Fill in the blanks with the letter corresponding to the names or terms listed below. Some names or terms may be used more than once and others not at all.
-Leading revisionist and author of Evolutionary Socialism:

A)Josef Stalin
B)Edward Bellamy
C) Eduard Bernstein
D)Alfred Rosenberg
E)Leo Tolstoy
F)Thomas More
G)Emma Goldman
H) Mao Zedong
I) Roberto Michels
J) Chiang Kai-shek
K) Friedrich Engels
L) Elizabeth Bennet
M) Vladimir I. Lenin
N) Mikhail (Michael) Bakunin

Question 51

Matching
Fill in the blanks with the letter corresponding to the names or terms listed below. Some names or terms may be used more than once and others not at all.
-Leader of Soviet Communist Party from 1929 to 1953:

A)Josef Stalin
B)Edward Bellamy
C) Eduard Bernstein
D)Alfred Rosenberg
E)Leo Tolstoy
F)Thomas More
G)Emma Goldman
H) Mao Zedong
I) Roberto Michels
J) Chiang Kai-shek
K) Friedrich Engels
L) Elizabeth Bennet
M) Vladimir I. Lenin
N) Mikhail (Michael) Bakunin

Question 52

Matching
Fill in the blanks with the letter corresponding to the names or terms listed below. Some names or terms may be used more than once and others not at all.
-Claimed that workers in advanced capitalist countries suffer from "trade-union consciousness":

A)Josef Stalin
B)Edward Bellamy
C) Eduard Bernstein
D)Alfred Rosenberg
E)Leo Tolstoy
F)Thomas More
G)Emma Goldman
H) Mao Zedong
I) Roberto Michels
J) Chiang Kai-shek
K) Friedrich Engels
L) Elizabeth Bennet
M) Vladimir I. Lenin
N) Mikhail (Michael) Bakunin

Question 53

Matching
Fill in the blanks with the letter corresponding to the names or terms listed below. Some names or terms may be used more than once and others not at all.
-Anarcho-communist critic of Marx:

A)Josef Stalin
B)Edward Bellamy
C) Eduard Bernstein
D)Alfred Rosenberg
E)Leo Tolstoy
F)Thomas More
G)Emma Goldman
H) Mao Zedong
I) Roberto Michels
J) Chiang Kai-shek
K) Friedrich Engels
L) Elizabeth Bennet
M) Vladimir I. Lenin
N) Mikhail (Michael) Bakunin

Question 54

Matching
Fill in the blanks with the letter corresponding to the names or terms listed below. Some names or terms may be used more than once and others not at all.
-Novelist, pacifist, and anarcho-communist:

A)Josef Stalin
B)Edward Bellamy
C) Eduard Bernstein
D)Alfred Rosenberg
E)Leo Tolstoy
F)Thomas More
G)Emma Goldman
H) Mao Zedong
I) Roberto Michels
J) Chiang Kai-shek
K) Friedrich Engels
L) Elizabeth Bennet
M) Vladimir I. Lenin
N) Mikhail (Michael) Bakunin

Question 55

Matching
Fill in the blanks with the letter corresponding to the names or terms listed below. Some names or terms may be used more than once and others not at all.
-Emphasized the importance of using moral means to bring about socialism:

A)Josef Stalin
B)Edward Bellamy
C) Eduard Bernstein
D)Alfred Rosenberg
E)Leo Tolstoy
F)Thomas More
G)Emma Goldman
H) Mao Zedong
I) Roberto Michels
J) Chiang Kai-shek
K) Friedrich Engels
L) Elizabeth Bennet
M) Vladimir I. Lenin
N) Mikhail (Michael) Bakunin

Question 56

Identify and explain the significance of the following names or terms.
-critical Western Marxism

Question 57

Identify and explain the significance of the following names or terms.
-Dialectical Materialism (DiaMat)

Question 58

Identify and explain the significance of the following names or terms.
-anarcho-communism

Question 59

Identify and explain the significance of the following names or terms.
-Fabian socialism

Question 60

Identify and explain the significance of the following names or terms.
-imperialism

Question 61

Identify and explain the significance of the following names or terms.
-democratic centralism

Question 62

Identify and explain the significance of the following names or terms.
-the vanguard party

Question 63

Identify and explain the significance of the following names or terms.
-reds and experts

Question 64

Identify and explain the significance of the following names or terms.
-market socialism

Question 65

Identify and explain the significance of the following names or terms.
-revisionist Marxism

Question 66

Identify and explain the significance of the following names or terms.
-revolutionary Marxism

Question 67

What have been the two leading conceptions of democracy among socialists? How have these conceptions related to the split between the revisionist and revolutionary Marxists?

Question 68

Who spoke of "trade union consciousness," and what did he or she mean by this phrase? Is such consciousness, in his/her judgment, a good thing? Why or why not? What, if anything, is the alternative to trade union consciousness?

Question 69

Why did Lenin nickname Stalin "the priest"? What, if anything, is the larger significance of that nickname?

Question 70

Who was Trofim Lysenko, what did he do, and with what result(s)?

Question 71

Why have some of Marx's followers thought it necessary to revise his theory? And why have other of Marx's followers objected to these revisions? Be sure to discuss specific thinkers and ideas.

Question 72

What have been the major forms of non-Marxist socialism? In what ways are they similar to and in what ways are they different from Marx's brand of socialism?

Question 73

What is Marxism-Leninism? Who have been its major proponents, and how does it differ from Marx's theory?

Question 74

What reason(s) did Lenin (and later Mao Zedong) have for believing that proletarian revolution would come first to economically backward countries such as Russia and China? Be specific.

Question 75

Why, and in what ways, did Eduard Bernstein "revise" Marx's theory?

Question 76

In what way(s) does Engels's version of Marxian theory differ from Marx's?

Question 77

What were Eduard Bernstein's main criticisms of Marx and Marxian theory?

Question 78

What is Lenin's theory of imperialism and why did he devise it?

Question 79

Who drew a distinction between "reds" and "experts," and for what purpose(s)?

Question 80

What was the Great Leap Forward, who fomented it, and with what result(s)?