Deck 2: The Nature of Knowledge

Question 1

Data and information are essentially the same and should be treated equally.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Data is devoid of context.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Information is any subset of data.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Knowledge is justified beliefs about relationships among concepts relevant to a specific area.

Question 5

Knowledge refers to information that facilitates action.

Question 6

Knowledge helps produce information from data.

Question 7

In the subjective view, knowledge is independent of social practices.

Question 8

Knowledge may be viewed objectively as enabling access and utilization of information.

Question 9

Three different perspectives of knowledge exist: the subjective, the normative, and the objective.

Question 10

The various perspectives of knowledge are consistent in their focus, but differ in their views of knowledge as beliefs about relationships between items of information.

Question 11

Declarative knowledge focuses on beliefs about relationships among variables.

Question 12

Procedural knowledge focuses on beliefs relating sequences of actions to outcomes.

Question 13

Tacit knowledge is any knowledge that can be expressed into human words.

Question 14

Explicit knowledge may be converted into tacit knowledge.

Question 15

Specific knowledge is possessed by a large number of individuals.

Question 16

Associational expertise is learned by repeatedly performing specific tasks.

Question 17

Complex knowledge draws on multiple distinct areas of expertise.

Question 18

Codifiability reflects the extent to which knowledge can be taught to another individual.

Question 19

Knowledge may be stored within organizational entities.

Question 20

All knowledge is stored tacitly in people's heads.

Question 21

The number of times a telephone number is called per day should be considered as _____________.

A)data
B)information
C)knowledge
D)business expenses
E)cannot be determined from the information given

Question 22

Given the GDP and population of a country, the means for converting this into the debt owed by each individual of the country (in behalf of the country) should be considered as ________ for a politician.

A)data
B)information
C)knowledge
D)an algorithm
E)cannot be determined from the information given

Question 23

Knowledge in an area is a set of justified beliefs about relationships among concepts ___________.

A)that are not well known to the general populace
B)relevant to that particular area
C)that appear unrelated
D)which are obvious
E)in the head of an employee

Question 24

Which of the following is true about knowledge?

A)Knowledge helps produce information from data.
B)Knowledge produces more valuable information from less valuable information.
C)Knowledge helps facilitate action.
D)All of the above.
E)None of the above.

Question 25

Knowing the expected value of a 6-sided die roll (3.5) is an example of _____________.

A)data
B)information
C)knowledge
D)common sense
E)gambler's fallacy

Question 26

The subjective view of knowledge represents knowledge as ______________.

A)relevance
B)access to information
C)an object
D)a capability
E)a state of mind or a practice

Question 27

Which of the following is not an objective view of knowledge?

A)Knowledge as objects.
B)Knowledge as access to information.
C)Knowledge as capability.
D)Knowledge as practice.
E)None of the above.

Question 28

Which of the following is not an objective view of knowledge?

A)Knowledge as capability.
B)Knowledge as access to information.
C)Knowledge as practice
D)Knowledge as objects.
E)None of the above.

Question 29

The procedure for filing for family emergency medical leave in the employee handbook of an organization is an example of what types of knowledge?

A)Tacit and procedural.
B)Explicit and specific.
C)Explicit and declarative.
D)Tacit and specific.
E)Explicit and procedural.

Question 30

Which of the following knowledge classifications may be characterized as "know what" and "know how"?

A)Declarative and procedural knowledge.
B)Tacit and explicit knowledge.
C)General and specific knowledge.
D)Objective and subjective knowledge.
E)Technical and contextual knowledge.

Question 31

Which of the following descriptions best defines tacit knowledge, according to the text?

A)Personal knowledge based on individual experience that may be difficult to share.
B)Knowledge possessed by a large number of individuals.
C)Knowledge of particular circumstances of time and place in which work is to be performed.
D)Knowledge that focuses on beliefs about relationships among variables.
E)The set of collective beliefs reflected in an organization's activities.

Question 32

How many types of knowledge exist, given the classifications of: tacit, explicit, general, technically specific, contextually specific, declarative, and procedural?

A)2
B)3
C)7
D)8
E)12

Question 33

Which of the following statements describes associational expertise?

A)Knowledge held as collective beliefs and actions of a group.
B)A skill learned through extensive practice.
C)Knowledge of relationships between observed events and causes.
D)Creative ingenuity based on theoretical knowledge of the domain.
E)Knowledge focused on multiple distinct areas of expertise.

Question 34

Automatic processes that do not require conscious thought for action are __________.

A)associational expertise
B)black-box expertise
C)deep expertise
D)motor skills expertise
E)tacit expertise

Question 35

Which types of knowledge are represented by an HR manager's knowledge of factors to consider in motivating an employee to participate in the company's new knowledge sharing business culture?

A)Explicit and declarative.
B)Tacit and contextually specific.
C)Procedural and technically specific.
D)General and procedural.
E)Explicit and procedural.

Question 36

Which types of knowledge are represented by the help facility in a word-processor that informs a user how to create a table of contents for a document?

A)Procedural and technically specific.
B)Declarative and technically specific..
C)Procedural and general.
D)Declarative and contextually specific.
E)Declarative and general.

Question 37

What is the explicitness of a piece of knowledge?

A)The number of domain areas to which the knowledge refers.
B)The extent to which knowledge exists in an explicit form.
C)The level of action enabled by the knowledge.
D)The extent to which the knowledge can be taught to others.
E)The level to which knowledge can be acquired by individuals with specific knowledge.

Question 38

Which of the following are people knowledge reservoirs?

A)Individuals and their technology.
B)Individuals and knowledge repositories.
C)Individuals and groups.
D)Individuals and their practices.
E)Individuals and organizations.

Question 39

A spreadsheet of weekly orders for specific products of an organization with trend lines added is an example of what type of knowledge reservoir?

A)Knowledge repositories.
B)Organizations.
C)Organizational networks.
D)Technologies.
E)Practices.

Question 40

The collective knowledge of a group is __________, greater than the sum of each group member's individual knowledge?

A)a community of practice
B)virtual
C)tactical
D)strategic
E)synergistic

Question 41

Describe the two ways presented in the text for distinguishing knowledge from information and data.

Question 42

Give examples of data, information, and knowledge from the restaurant (burger) example in the text from the perspective of the restaurant manager.

Question 43

Briefly describe the various perspectives on knowledge.

Question 44

List and briefly define the three types of objective knowledge.

Question 45

What are the three classifications of knowledge highlighted in Chapter 2?

Question 46

How can explicit knowledge be transferred to tacit knowledge?

Question 47

List and define the three types of expertise discussed in the text.

Question 48

What are the three general knowledge reservoirs and two specific reservoirs for each of the three general reservoirs?

Question 49

Discuss why a group may be viewed as a knowledge resource or reservoir.

Question 50

What types of knowledge are held in an organizational unit reservoir and how is organizational unit knowledge utilized?