Deck 15: Human Needs and Environmental Press: Henry a Murray

Question 1

Murray's point of view provides a bridge from the cognitive approaches and radical behaviorism to

A) radical cognitivism
B) psychodynamics
C) personality traits
D) social-personality psychology

Answer 1

C

Question 2

How is Murray valuable at this point in the text?

A) He reminds us of the social-personality theorists.
B) He, in one way or another, resembles most of the theorists previously covered.
C) His ideas are very different from those of other covered theorists.
D) He illustrates, in his own work, all of the weaknesses of the other theorists.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Murray was born on

A) voyage to America from England
B) the fourth of July
C) the arctic circle in Canada
D) what is now Rockefeller Center, in New York City

Answer 3

D

Question 4

About his mother, Murray felt

A) exactly as did Maslow about his mother
B) that she favored his siblings
C) that she favored him over his siblings
D) that she was not very bright

Question 5

Murray's "organ defect" as Adler would have called it was

A) he stuttered up into the 1930s
B) he had a withered arm
C) he was decidedly ugly
D) he was dyslexic

Question 6

Regarding his father, Murray held all of the following opinions, except one. Which was NOT among his opinions of his father?

A) He was mean and ornery.
B) He was a nice guy.
C) He lacked ambition.
D) He was predictable.

Question 7

What problem did Murray have throughout his life?

A) He stuttered until the day he died.
B) He was unable to maintain the level of admiration he initially felt for anyone.
C) He could not overcome feeling inferior because of his withered arm.
D) His connection with the CIA.

Question 8

What problem did Murray have throughout his life?

A) He was, as Horney would say, excessively and morbidly modest.
B) He acquiesced too easily when others opposed him.
C) He felt ashamed about his lack of academic credentials.
D) He suffered from a "marrow of misery and melancholy."

Question 9

Which person, who had provided his own mistress with accommodations, attempted to discourage Murray from providing his mistress with accommodations?

A) Jung
B) Adler
C) Fromm
D) Allport

Question 10

Christiana Morgan and Murray built

A) a warm, loving, and untroubled relationship
B) a professional counseling practice together
C) a personality laboratory together for which they shared the credit equally and in which they both worked throughout their lives
D) a tower as a monument to their love

Question 11

Christiana Morgan produced how many original drawings that became TAT cards?

A) 2
B) 0
C) 1
D) 5

Question 12

Murray was something of an expert on all of the following, except one. On which was he NOT expert?

A) biochemistry
B) experimental psychology
C) medical science
D) Moby Dick

Question 13

Murray was all of the following, except one. Which does NOT apply to him?

A) narcissistic
B) a leader
C) high in need for achievement motivation
D) totally lacking in loyalty for people who served him well

Question 14

Which psychologist turned Murray off to psychology during his undergraduate days?

A) Titchener
B) Allport
C) Musterberg
D) William James

Question 15

When Murray consulted a neurologist about Freud's theory, he was told

A) that Freud thought Murray's "expertise" on Moby Dick was laughable
B) that Freud was the only psychiatrist that the neurologist trusted
C) that Freud's work was interesting, but had nothing to do with neurology
D) that Freud's ideas were the greatest phallusy of the age

Question 16

Which characterized Murray's initial impression of Jung?

A) I thought he was rather dull.
B) He was the first full-blooded, all encompassing, spherical human being I had ever met.
C) He wasn't good with his concepts...he'd believe anything I told him that was along the lines that he liked.
D) He was too imaginative.

Question 17

Among the first psychology classes that Murray regularly attended was

A) one that he taught
B) a class taught by Gestaltist K. Wertheimer
C) a class taught by Allport
D) one where he assisted Floyd Allport

Question 18

What stereotype did Murray fit?

A) the pointy headed college professor
B) the absent-minded professor
C) the psychologist who is always trying to figure out other people
D) the student who goes into psychology to solve his own personal problems

Question 19

What theorist's ideas did Murray follow fairly closely early in his psychological career?

A) Freud
B) Horney
C) Adler
D) John B. Watson

Question 20

All of the following, except one, was true of Murray's own experience of undergoing psychoanalysis. Which was NOT true of his experience in psychoanalysis?

A) He thought the analyst was a nice guy.
B) He laughed his way through it.
C) He had an affair with the analyst's wife.
D) He became disillusioned with psychoanalysis.

Question 21

What belief did Murray and Maslow share?

A) a belief in the essential worth of every person
B) Humans are dynamic wholes, not meaningfully dividable into parts and pieces.
C) Self-actualization is open only to a chosen few.
D) It is best to conceive of human emotion, cognition, and behavior in terms of wholly conscious processes.

Question 22

All of the following characterized Murray's years at Harvard, except one. Which did NOT characterize his years there?

A) Chairperson E.G. Boring warned him that he would be ostracized from the American Psychological Association for his outspoken comments about colleagues.
B) attempts by famed neuropsychologist Karl Lashley to oust him
C) a sense of belonging and support from department members
D) founding of a personality laboratory that eventually produced research resulting in a famous book

Question 23

Murray condemned all except one of the following. Which did he NOT condemn?

A) John B. Watson
B) a strong emphasis on the unconscious
C) scientism
D) experimental psychology

Question 24

One of Murray's most basic assumptions was

A) the personality is a series of fragmentations
B) humans are essentially worthy
C) the experimental approach is more effective than the clinical approach
D) one should study individual organisms, not aggregates of organisms

Question 25

The "long unit" refers to

A) the organism's life cycle
B) the unit of measure that best approximates the depth of the organisms consciousness
C) the unit of measure that best approximates an interval rather than an ordinal level of measurement
D) the scale used to measure personality

Question 26

A "unitary trend" is

A) an assumption that activity is organized and directional, not willy nilly
B) a pattern of bodily movements per se, divorced from its effect
C) a tendency toward unity in the numerical sense
D) a kind of behavior that occurs only once

Question 27

An actone is

A) an assumption that activity is organized and directional, not willy nilly
B) a pattern of bodily movements in and of itself, divorced from its effect
C) a tendency toward unity in the numerical sense
D) a kind of behavior that occurs only once

Question 28

Like Mischel, Murray recognized that

A) cognitive analysis is preferable to trait analysis
B) traits' existence is not supported by the evidence
C) delay of gratification should be a central concept in anyone's research program
D) temporal consistencies exist

Question 29

Regnant refers to

A) the royal road to the unconscious
B) dominant configurations in the brain
C) the observation that the personality is like a King's court, a hierarchy of needs
D) the totality of brain processes occurring during a single moment

Question 30

On which of the following defense mechanisms did whites and Asians score differently, according to Hibbard et al. (2000)?

A) sublimation
B) projection
C) denial
D) rationalization

Question 31

According to Ackerman et al. (1999) and Porcerelli et. al. (2001), which of the following represented the different symptoms of borderline personality patients and a serial-rapist-murderer, respectively?

A) overly optimistic; confident
B) hallucinatory; delusional
C) vague identity; sadistic
D) suppresses aggression; anxious

Question 32

According to Murray, "need" means

A) desires for certain satisfactions that are sought by all humans
B) the drive to overcome inferiority
C) the tendency to structure one's life so as to optimize the probability of overcoming basic anxiety and the aftermath of suffering at the hands of "forbidding gestures"
D) a construct which stands for a force in the brain that organizes perception, intellection, and action toward transformation of an unsatisfying situation into a satisfying one

Question 33

How did Maslow and Murray differ greatly regarding the concept "need"?

A) Only Murray equated need to drive.
B) Only Maslow equated need to drive.
C) Only Maslow held that needs dwell in unconsciousness.
D) Only Murray arranged needs into a hierarchy.

Question 34

To Murray, a need could be thought of as

A) purely psychological phenomenon
B) equivalent to an ego element
C) a more or less consistent trait of personality
D) an entity that is more related to the environment than to brain processes

Question 35

All except one of the following was true of Murray's "need." Which was NOT true of his "need"?

A) Needs are subordinated to personality traits.
B) Needs are drive-like.
C) Needs arise to transform an unsatisfactory situation into a satisfactory one.
D) Needs ready the organism to respond to a push from the rear.

Question 36

Vicerogenic needs

A) involve basic physiological drives, and, as such are relatively self-explanatory
B) are forces with directional properties
C) refer to the positive-need-promoting vectors that describe movement toward objects and people
D) refer to the negative-need-promoting vectors that describe movement away from objects and people

Question 37

Psychogenic needs

A) refer to the negative-need-promoting vectors that describe movement away from objects and people
B) are forces with directional properties
C) refer to the positive-need-promoting vectors that describe movement toward objects and people
D) have viscerogenic needs as their foundation

Question 38

Vector(s)

A) refer to the negative-need-promoting pointers that describe movement away from objects and people
B) refers to forces with directional properties
C) refer to the positive-need-promoting pointers that describe movement toward objects and people
D) are secondary to vicerogenic needs and may be derived from them

Question 39

Adience

A) refers to the negative-need-promoting vectors that describe movement away from objects and people
B) refers to forces with directional properties
C) refers to the positive-need-promoting vectors that describe movement toward objects and people
D) is secondary to vicerogenic needs and may be derived from them

Question 40

All except one of the following are examples of needs in the adience category. Which is NOT a need in the adience category?

A) n Achievement
B) n Succorance
C) n Order
D) n Noxavoidance

Question 41

Abience

A) refers to the negative-need-promoting vectors that describe movement away from objects and people
B) is a force with directional properties
C) refers to the positive-need-promoting vectors that describe movement toward objects and people
D) is secondary to vicerogenic needs and may be derived from them

Question 42

All except one of the following are needs in the abience category. Which is NOT a need in the abience category?

A) n Aggression
B) n Inviolacy
C) n Infavoidance
D) n Contarience

Question 43

Which of the following is the need to avoid failure, shame, humiliation, or ridicule by concealing disfigurement and refraining from attempts at anything beyond one's powers?

A) n Inviolacy
B) n Contrarience
C) n Infavoidance
D) n Abasement

Question 44

According to Murray, strength refers to

A) rhythms of activity and rest
B) when no incentive will arouse a need
C) when a need is inactive but susceptible to excitation by appropriate stimulation
D) a property of a need that is measured in terms of it frequency, intensity, and duration

Question 45

A need is strong if it is

A) persistent
B) insistent
C) submerged (unconscious)
D) durable

Question 46

During a typical day, a person is likely to (Murray)

A) experience needs one at a time
B) take a particular course of action designed to satisfy several needs
C) arrange needs into a hierarchy
D) consider more simplex needs first

Question 47

Which of the following is refers to a fusion of needs?

A) an image of a bird floating free in the air
B) a phase of dominance succeeded by a phase of deference
C) being paid to sing solo in public
D) sexual needs felt by a person whose parents would condemn her for sexual expression

Question 48

Fusion of needs refers to (Murray)

A) cases where needs are related to their opposites in alternating phases
B) when needs oppose each other within the personality, giving rise to harassing spiritual dilemmas
C) when one or more needs are activated in the service of one or more other needs
D) a single action pattern that satisfies two or more needs at the same time

Question 49

Subsidiation of needs refers to (Murray)

A) cases where needs are related to their opposites in alternating phases
B) when needs oppose each other within the personality, giving rise to harassing spiritual dilemmas
C) when one or more needs are activated in the service of one or more other needs
D) a single action pattern that satisfies two or more needs at the same time

Question 50

Contrafactions of needs refers to (Murray)

A) cases where needs are related to their opposites in alternating phases
B) when needs oppose each other within the personality, giving rise to harassing spiritual dilemmas
C) when one or more needs are activated in the service of one or more other needs
D) a single action pattern that satisfies two or more needs at the same time

Question 51

Conflicts of needs refers to (Murray)

A) cases where needs are related to their opposites in alternating phases
B) when needs oppose each other within the personality, giving rise to harassing spiritual dilemmas
C) when one or more needs are activated in the service of one or more other needs
D) a single action pattern that satisfies two or more needs at the same time

Question 52

Cathexis (Murray) refers to

A) investments or attachments of the personality's libidinous energy either to real objects in the external world or to fantasized images in the inner world
B) a process by which an object evokes a need
C) attraction to an object because of its sexual connotations
D) objects that determine what other objects we are attracted to

Question 53

A need integrate or complex (Murray)

A) refers to mental contents in the psyche that agglutinate or stick together like the climbing of red blood cells and eventually take up residence in the personal unconscious
B) is a constellation of needs revolving around a central theme (mother)
C) is formed when images of cathected objects become integrated in the mind with the needs and emotions they customarily excite
D) is a variation on the theme of the Phallic stage in which objects associated with the opposite sex parent (mustache and painted lips) become attractive

Question 54

Regarding a need integrate or complex (Murray), a bird soaring in the air may be cathected by the need to be free (n Autonomy). As such, whose concept does Murray's complex resemble most?

A) complex (Freud)
B) complex (Jung)
C) Archetype (Jung)
D) frame of orientation (Fromm)

Question 55

What famous case did Murray used to examine the possibility that dreams are clairvoyant?

A) the Hersch kidnapping
B) the Clutter murders
C) the flight of Bonnie and Clyde
D) the Lindbergh kidnapping

Question 56

Murray collected some 1300 dreams sent to him in response to a newspaper ad. All except one of the following are facts related to those dream descriptions. Which is NOT a fact relating to the dream descriptions?

A) The ad was placed before details about the relevant crime were known to the public.
B) The actual facts of the case included that the victim died of skull fractures and its naked body was found in a shallow grave in some woods near a road.
C) The actual facts of the case included that the victim was strangled and transported to Germany where its decomposed remains were found in the crawl-space of a deserted house.
D) In about 5% of the dreams the victim of the crime appeared to be dead.

Question 57

All except one of the following are facts about or interpretations of the 1300 dreams collected by Murray. Which is NOT a fact or interpretation?

A) An ex-convict of German extraction was convicted of the crime.
B) Only ten dreams were at all accurate in predicting the details of the crime.
C) In three of the partially accurate dreams, dreamers claimed that they had the dreams before the crime had actually happened.
D) Murray concluded that, indeed, dreams are clairvoyant.

Question 58

Press refers to

A) the tension of anxiety and its aftermath
B) a directional tendency in the object or situation
C) internal forces or energy that fuels the Psyche
D) the encroachment of the id into the realm of the superego, according to Murray

Question 59

The contrast between cathexis and press is summed up in which of the following statements?

A) Only in cathexis is there any influence on the person.
B) Only in press is there any influence on the person.
C) In both cases the person is made to do something or other.
D) Only in the case of press is something done to the person.

Question 60

Which of the following is the time orientation of press?

A) mostly future
B) mostly present
C) equally present and past
D) mostly past

Question 61

All except one of the following are examples of press. Which is NOT a good example of a press?

A) p Affiliation
B) p Abstention
C) p Aggression
D) p Rival

Question 62

All except one of the following are examples of press. Which is NOT a good example of a press?

A) p Affiliation
B) p Aggression
C) p Regnant
D) p Rival

Question 63

Very often aspects of the present situation excite

A) images of past pressive situations
B) other objects in the present situation
C) primitive urges
D) the operation of complex/press interactions

Question 64

Which of the following is a good example of a press?

A) a dominant person in an individual's life who restricts and strains the individual
B) an image of a smoggy atmosphere
C) exhibitionistic behavior followed by modest behavior
D) n Noxavoidance S n Infavoidance

Question 65

Thema

A) are cases where needs are related to their opposites in alternating phases
B) refer to a process by which an object evokes a need
C) are formed when traces (images) of cathected objects in familiar settings become integrated in the mind with the needs and emotions they customarily excite
D) refer to a combination of a particular need and a particular press or pressive object

Question 66

To which personality test did Murray's needs contribute directly?

A) Personality Orientation Inventory
B) Personality Research Form
C) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
D) Rorschach

Question 67

What is the value of the Paunonen, Jackson and Keinonen (1990) stick figure test that is based on Murray's needs?

A) It is more enjoyable to clients and subjects who are high in verbal skills.
B) It is useful for administration to sophisticated clients and subjects, such as psychologists.
C) It is useful for cross-cultural research.
D) It is more challenging for most people who take it, relative to the original form.

Question 68

Singer's (1990) reconception of Murray's needs took which form?

A) needs were cast as temperaments
B) needs became life goals
C) needs were reinterpreted as attitudes
D) needs were seen to be unconscious wishes

Question 69

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is

A) a test that assesses unconscious motivation via the use of ambiguous ink-blots onto which clients or subjects project their own motivations
B) a paper an pencil test that assesses various dimensions of abnormal behavior in a multiple choice format
C) an instrument for assessing the person's self-reflective perceptions revealing thema that are evoked by some ambiguous pictures
D) a projective test in which respondents are asked to draw a picture of some neutral entity, such as a house, that is then analyzed for information concerning needs

Question 70

Which of the following is an advantage of the TAT?

A) Because the pictures are ambiguous, it is assumed that whatever the subject/client says about them comes from her or his own mind.
B) Because of the structured format of the test, validity is higher than for unstructured tests.
C) Because the subject/client is drawing a picture about a neutral entity, he or she is expected to project his or own motivations onto the picture.
D) Because the subject/client is responding to items that are associated with, but do not mention, abnormal behavior categories, she or he has no idea that abnormal behavior is being assessed.

Question 71

All except one of the following are major problems with the TAT. Which is NOT a problem?

A) Total cards are what is considered, even though each card contains two figures.
B) Female figures receive more favorable evaluation than male figures.
C) It uses pictures that date to a previous era.
D) When objective methods of scoring the TAT have been used, only a few concepts have been involved.

Question 72

All except one of the following are ways that Potkay and colleagues solved some of the problems of the TAT in a research project they did. Which is NOT one of their solutions?

A) They had subjects respond to some new cards that were assembled using the same criteria used by Murray in coming up with the original cards.
B) Single figures were considered.
C) Use of the Adjective Generation Technique avoided scaling problems.
D) Subjects were allowed to use any concepts contained in their repertoires of words.

Question 73

All except one of the following are findings of Potkay and colleagues in their study of the TAT using the Adjective Generation Technique (AGT) Which is NOT a finding?

A) Agreement on descriptions of TAT figures was remarkable, considering each subject could use any of hundreds of words available to her or him.
B) If figures were male, they tended to be described as old and sad.
C) If the figures were female they tended to be described as loving and nurturing.
D) Female figures were favorably described, relative to male figures.

Question 74

Which of the following is the most accurate description of the person Murray and Morgan (1981) used in their study of TAT clinical analysis and interpretation?

A) She was lower-middle class, the daughter of a machinist, who had a permanent look of tearfulness about her.
B) An elderly man of some prominence (politician) who smiled so much it structured his wrinkles and molded his lips.
C) A teenage girl with such a blank look on her face, it appeared that her facial muscles were paralyzed.
D) A college music student from a Southern Methodist family who squinted his eyes to such an extreme it looked as if a flash bulb had just gone off in his presence.

Question 75

All except one of the following were among the bits of background information on the Murray-Morgan client who responded to the TAT. Which was NOT among those pieces of information?

A) The boy witnessed the castration of a bull and, thereafter, insisted on wearing an athletic supporter on all occasions.
B) The client shied away from water and animals.
C) The client played with dolls and was effeminate.
D) The client did not masturbate until age 18.

Question 76

All except one of the following were among the TAT findings in modern times. Which is NOT among those findings?

A) Sexually abused children and adolescent females showed more primitive and simple characterization of people.
B) Men who had been sexual predators tended to see bloody women in the TAT cards.
C) Abused girls showed sexual preoccupation.

Question 77

Which of the following is correct regarding validity research on the TAT?

A) The comparison of whites and Asians on TAT scores was all good news for the TAT.
B) TAT scores did well predicting American Psychiatric Association criteria for personality disorders.
C) TAT scores did well predicting Minnesota Multi-Phasic Personality Inventory scores for personality disorders.
D) TAT SCORS scores did show some predictive validity for some purposes.

Question 78

Which of the following is one of the of diversity principles?

A) All people are created equal.
B) Diversity includes everyone.
C) One must be a member of a minority group to be a part of diversity.
D) Only minorities and women have a right to claim they are oppressed.

Question 79

All except one of the following are limitations of Murray point of view or work. Which is NOT a limitation?

A) As soon as ideas occurred to him they became fact.
B) He was confused about whether his needs were actually drives or traits of personality.
C) Hibbard (2003) could find nothing wrong with the Lilienfeld et al (2000) criticism of the TAT and other projective tests.
D) Murray more or less guided his colleagues in selecting the TAT pictures.

Question 80

Which of the following is true of Murray and his contribution

A) Murray's narcissism left him with no friends.
B) No one can deny the historical significance of the TAT.
C) Murray was popular wherever he went, especially among colleagues at Harvard.
D) Murray took most of his ideas from others' theories.