Deck 5: Philosophy, Sport, and Physical Education During the Middle Ages: 900-1400

Question 1

Which of the following is true?

A) The period beginning with the tenth century and ending with the birth of the Italian Renaissance in the fourteenth century is known as the Medieval Period or Middle Ages.
B) During the Middle Ages, ascetic monks engaged in bodily mortification in order to inhibit bodily lusts and desires and by doing so, prepared their soul for heaven.
C) Generally speaking, the philosophical position of the body during the Middle Ages reflected theological beliefs.
D) Most early Christians did not value their bodies and in fact, held the body in contempt.
E) All of the above.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

During the Middle Ages

A) Christians looked upon the Greek practice of engaging in athletics and the desire to develop great physiques as a pagan practice.
B) the Christians believed the Greek practice of worshiping pagan gods by displaying their athletic prowess was proof that the Greeks cared more about secular matters than spiritual matters.
C) the majority of Christians believed that to participate in athletics or engage in physical training to glorify the body would contaminate the body which "housed" the soul and by doing this, the soul would become impure.
D) All of the above.
E) A and B only.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following is true?

A) The negative attitude that Medieval Christians had toward the body was in no small part the result of a reaction to the pagan practices of the Greeks who glorified the body.
B) Conversely, many Christian theologians would eventually come to embrace the ideas of Plato and Aristotle who were "pagan Greeks".
C) In addition to the Christian influence on European civilization, Judaism and the religion of Islam also had a profound impact.
D) All of the above.
E) A and B only.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

When Rome collapsed in 476 A. D.

A) chaos reigned and many people left Rome and sought protection from powerful aristocrats who demanded that in exchange for protection, people agreed to complete allegiance and subjugation.
B) a bleak period of history known as the Dark Ages began.
C) organized sport and physical education during the Dark Ages was, for the most part, nonexistent.
D) All of the above.
E) B and C only.

Question 5

When the Dark Ages ended and the Medieval Period began around 900

A) metaphysical questions were once again being discussed.
B) Christians turned to the Church for guidance.
C) Jews continued to seek spiritual leadership and guidance in their temples.
D) Moslems found comfort and answers to their questions in their Mosques.
E) All of the above.

Question 6

One of the few remaining cultural institutions left intact after the fall of Ravenna, Capitol of the Western Roman Empire, was

A) the Christian Church.
B) the British Empire - centered in England.
C) the Athenian Empire.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 7

The Inquisition

A) was a religious movement directed by the Catholic Church designed to convert nonbelievers to Christianity.
B )was a medieval court based in part on the belief of St. Augustine that a biblical passage (Luke . 14:23) granted permission to use force against heretics.
C) was directed against the Marranos and the Moriscos.
D) secular authorities were assigned the job of obtaining confessions, through torture if necessary
E) All of the above.

Question 8

Medieval philosophy relied on the ideas of which of the following philosophers?

A) Bishop Miller of Berkeley
B) Aristophanes
C) Aristotle and Plato
D) Marcus Tillius Cicero
E) All of the above.

Question 9

In addition to the Catholic Church, which of the following groups had a significant, both limited, impact upon medieval philosophy.

A) Jewish and Islamic philosophers
B) the Stoics
C) the Epicureans
D) Scholastics and Agnostics
E) All of the above

Question 10

Which of the following is true?

A) Plato and Aristotle were interested in the metaphysical concepts that were used to form the
Foundation of Christianity.
B) Early Christian writers were compelled to embrace specific attitudes/beliefs put forth by the ancient Greeks in order to reconcile Greek philosophy with Christian theology.
C) Not all Christians were ready to accept the merging of Christianity with pagan Greek philosophy.
D) All of the above.
E) A and B only.

Question 11

Which of the following is true?

A) Tertullian, circa D. 2, was an early Christian who demanded bodily mortification and opposed the use of the pagan philosophy of the ancient Greeks put forth by Plato et al as part of Christian theology.
B )Platonism, much to the dismay of Tertullian, was commonly regarded by Christian thinkers as having been an intellectual preparation for Christianity.
C )Christian theologians attempted to use philosophy to prove theological Christian dogma but this approach - to merge philosophy and theology, did not work.
D) Theologians accept the existence of God on faith alone - and not necessarily using philosophical deductions that are based on reasoned and rational inquiry.
E) All of the above.

Question 12

Which of the following is true?

A) Some Orthodox Christians consistently rejected the contention that the human body was evil but were in the minority.
B) Elements of the early Christian church, along with various and influential "streams" of Roman Catholicism during the early Middle Ages, looked upon the human body as having great value and did not believe that people are born with "original sin" that corrupts the body and soul.
C) The Christian view of the body, good or bad, was not based upon the beliefs about the corporeal nature of Christ.
D) All of the above.
E) B and C only.

Question 13

With regard to the position of the body as presented in the Bible

A) Biblical concepts of the body, soul, and flesh describe man as a whole being, as opposed to having a dualistic existence.
B) there was, and still is, confusing and contradictory views of scripture relative to how it relates to the position and role of the body.
C) various interpretations of scripture can have a significant impact on the perceived worth or value of the body.
D) the scope and development of sport and physical education has been influenced by the position of the body as described in the Bible.
E) All of the above.

Question 14

The Scholastics of the Middle Ages

A) opposed physical education.
B) regarded the body as an instrument of sin.
C) saw great value in physical activity.
D) believed in a close relationship between mind and body.
E) C and D only.

Question 15

The Scholastic, St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)
A )wrote Summa Theologiae, which among other areas of discussion, stated that to achieve happiness, man requires perfection in both the soul and the body.
B) denounced the body in his classic work, Summa Theologiae.
C) believed that intelligence depends in part on the physical fitness level of the individual.
D) None of the above.
E) A and C only.

Question 16

St. Thomas Aquinas

A) believed, as did Aristotle, that the soul needs a body to acquire knowledge.
B) developed with his fellow Scholastics, a philosophical and religious justification for cherishing the body and valuing physical fitness and recreation because of the benefits of physical, mental, social, and moral well-being.
C) Believed, as did Aristotle, in the unity (mind and body) of man.
D) All of the above.
E) A and C only.

Question 17

What Philosophers/Theologians believed that the body was not evil and was important to the mind and spirit - to human existence?

A) Moses Maimonides
B) St. Bonaventure
C) St. Thomas Aquinas
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 18

Which of the following is true?

A) Changes in attitude toward sport and other secular activities within the Christian church began to change during the eleventh and twelfth centuries.
B) During the eleventh and twelfth centuries, many nobles entered the priesthood and brought with them, their love for secular habits such as hunting, falconry, and quite possibly combat sports.
C) Young nobles who became priests influenced the attitude of the church towards the body and sports.
D) Over time, the church slowly accepted the playful activities that were secular in nature.
E) All of the above.

Question 19

Bishop Odon of Bayeux

A) was a noble who entered the priesthood and was able to blend his spiritual virtues with the secular athletic skills of a knight.
B) is depicted on the Bayeux Tapestry as a knight leading soldiers to victory over the Saxon Army.
C) supervised the work of the Bayeux Tapestry which illustrates numerous sporting activities that took place during the Middle Ages.
D) All of the above.
E) A and C only.

Question 20

Which of the following is true?

A) Ball games that were popular during Roman times continued to remain popular during the Middle Ages.
B) The game of Soule was popular among the peasantry and resembled the modern game of soccer.
C) English football and horse racing was popular in London during the twelfth century.
D) Outraged by the number of incidents of damage to property and persons by widespread drunkenness and lewd conduct, the church prohibited games that involved gambling, specific festivals, and immoral behavior.
E) All of the above.

Question 21

During the early Medieval tournament

A) the victorious knight won it all! Property, Armor, horses, and people.
B) chivalry was absent - there was no "fair fight".
C) it was common for several knights to gang up on one knight and ransom him back to his family for all he was worth.
D) free-for-alls on horseback were common.
E) All of the above.

Question 22

With regard to the brutality of the tournaments, the Catholic Church

A) issued Papal Bulls that forbid the savage and abominable tournaments.
B) threatened those who participated in the Melee with eternal damnation.
C) tolerated, for utilitarian reasons, the knightly sports and the Melee during the era of the Crusades.
D) All of the above.
E) A and B only.

Question 23

Wars and battles between knights and feudal armies were common during the Middle Ages. Knights had to develop athletic ability if they were going to survive.

Question 24

Orthodox Christians along with the Ascetic monks despised the body and subjected the body to self-inflicted pain. They viewed the body as an instrument of sin.

Question 25

According to St. Thomas Aquinas, perfection in both body and soul is necessary.

Question 26

Greek philosophers and their beliefs had little or no impact upon the scholastics.

Question 27

The Scholastics provided religious justification for admonishing the value of the body and opposing activities that promoted physical fitness.

Question 28

The seasonal agricultural holidays during the Middle Ages were void of games and entertainment.

Question 29

Christian beliefs reinforced and perpetuated the existing social order, the Feudal System, during the Middle Ages.

Question 30

The Medieval Tournament of Jousting was reserved exclusively for the aristocracy. Peasants were completely excluded from attending as spectators.

Question 31

The work of Galen, "De Medicina" was the chief source of Medical knowledge during the Middle Ages.

Question 32

Galen studied human physiology and believed that it was composed of eight essential humors which resided exclusively in the brain and heart.

Question 33

According to Galen, when humors were blended in certain ways within the body, health could be achieved.

Question 34

The removal of "bad blood" by purging or bleeding the patient was a common medical treatment during the Middle Ages.

Question 35

Along with mundane medical treatments such as drinking herbal teas, medicine as practiced in the Middle Ages believed that drinking urine or boiling the extract of cow's dung could cure the plague.

Question 36

The ascetic monastic lifestyle of Christian monks was based on the belief that enlightenment would be achieved through bodily mortification, vows of silence, prayer, and the renouncing of all material possessions.

Question 37

The consensus among medieval historians is that, with the exception of ritual dancing and manual labor, Christians were generally encouraged to avoid the pleasures and temptations of the body.

Question 38

Christians eventually came to regard the body as an instrument of sin; the body was mortal and had little consequence to a man seeking eternal salvation.

Question 39

Early Christian monks were not at all interested in the body, did not pay any attention to the body.

Question 40

Monks chose to deny themselves the pleasures of the body because in so doing so, they were able to "prove" - from the Christian beliefs of the era, that they were worthy of eternal salvation.

Question 41

In general, during the medieval period, support for physical education were rare except for the work of a few scholastics, some Jewish philosophers, and what was needed to prepare knights for battle.