Deck 12: The Transformation of Physical Education: 1900 - 1939

Question 1

Between 1900 and 1930 physical educators debated about appropriate methods and goals relative to research and teaching. What factors caused this debate?

A) changing developments in education
B) broad social changes that were occurring in America
C) changing beliefs and trends in science
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

What was the most powerful change that occurred within the field of physical education between 1900 and 1930?

A) acceptance of play, games, dance, and sport as methods to achieve educational goals
B) the growth of graduate programs across the country in physical education
C) issuance of the Connant Report from Harvard University that extolled the virtues of physical education
D) "cutting edge" research in exercise physiology that had a significant impact on national defense
E) None of the above.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Herbert Spencer

A) was an early advocate of play as part of education.
B) believed in Darwin's theory of evolution and the role of play in it.
C) focused his energy around the use of excess energy.
D) believed play was a basic instinct.
E) All of the above.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Karl Groos

A) believed that play served to prepare people for life by imitating others.
B) believed, like Spencer, that play was instinctual albeit an imperfect instinct.
C) Groos' theory of play served as an educational vehicle that could lead to improved adult behavior.
D) thanks to Groos' theory, play became a critical component of educational theory.
E) All of the above.

Question 5

G. Stanley Hall

A) was a leader in the child study movement.
B) believed that play was a fundamental form of the history of the human race.
C) believed that play, games, and sport were the ideal mechanism for personal development.
D) advocated the use of gymnastics as a fundamental aspect of play theory.
E) A, B, C only.

Question 6

G. Stanley Hall

A) dismissed the view that "man is whole only when he plays".
B) believed purest form of play was exclusively for the body.
C) believed that few, if any, human characteristics could actually be learned through developmental play activities.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 7

John Dewey

A) was one of America's most prominent educators and philosophers.
B) believed that mind and body are integrated parts of the human whole.
C) believed that the body, or our physical aspect, served as the conductor of experience.
D) epistemologically, held the body in high regard.
E) All of the above.

Question 8

John Dewey

A) believed that we should learn how to think and act based on experience rather than a predetermined set of rules.
B) believed that play was a purposeful activity that directed interest through physical expression - play has meaning.
C) philosophically believed that group activities such as football and baseball promoted democratic activities and social interaction.
D) was a strong proponent for the inclusion of physical education and sports in the nation's schools.
E) All of the above.

Question 9

With regard to play:

A) Play was a natural developmental tool, and although recognized by physical educators, was accepted with varying degrees of enthusiasm.
B) In general, physical educators, like most Americans, viewed the usefulness of play with some ambivalence.
C) Most physical educators believed that play, games, and sport should play a secondary role in physical education, not a primary one.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 10

Most opposition to the use of play, games, and sports in physical education came from

A) Edward Hartwell.
B) advocates of gymnastics.
C) A and
D) None of the above.

Question 11

Who were the architects of the "new Physical Education"?

A) Clark Hetherington, Thomas Wood, Rosaline Cassidy
B) Abe Lincoln, Gerald Ford, Hillary Clinton
C) Eric Cartman, Nicholas Cage, Mick Jagger
D) Guy Lewis, Thomas Wood, Mabel Lee
E) Babe Ruth, Joe Louis, St. Louis

Question 12

Which of the following is true?

A) For almost a century, physical education was focused on making the greatest possible contribution to the health of students.
B) Early pioneers in physical education were physicians and educators.
C) Prior to 1900, most fitness activities consisted of gymnastics and calisthenics.
D) All of the above
E) A and B only

Question 13

According to Guy Lewis, which of the following happened?

A) The transformation of physical education began with the athletics are educational movement, from 1906 to 1916.
B) "Sports for All" was another theme that reflected the beliefs of physical education and was popular from 1917 to 1939.
C) In response to outside forces, physical educators seriously considered providing sports instruction and to extend the scope of physical education to include supervised competition for highly skilled athletes.
D) All of the above.
E) A and B only.

Question 14

G. Stanley Hall believed that physical education was the education process that could connect matters of the body and mind.

Question 15

Nineteenth-century America in general believed in a unity of mind and body.

Question 16

Between 1900 and 1930 physical education was brought into the educational mainstream because it used the theories of evolution and science.

Question 17

Luther Gulick was a strong opponent of play theory.

Question 18

G. Stanley Hall's impact upon the theoretical basis of physical education was at best minimal.

Question 19

Over time gymnastics began to diminish in popularity as the prime component of physical education.

Question 20

By 1915 play was the primary method of physical education.

Question 21

After play became the primary method of instruction in physical education, gymnastics disappeared altogether.

Question 22

Henry Curtis believed that team sports were the highest form of play and one of the highest forms of human activity.

Question 23

The popularity of intercollegiate athletics and professional sports help to promote play, games and sports as the central focus of physical education.

Question 24

Most people believed that the athletic participation, especially in team sports, was a measure of manliness.

Question 25

Luther Gulick believed that athletics were gender specific (male) and therefore were inappropriate as a means for developing femininity.

Question 26

During this era, parents and school officials feared that women who participated in sports might develop masculine qualities.

Question 27

Between 1915 and 1930 physical education reflected the work that was done in psychology and pedagogy.

Question 28

The measurement of ability became the focus of education research.

Question 29

The quantification offered by intelligence and ability testing caused a major re-examination of the curriculum in physical education.

Question 30

Measurement of skills became very important in physical education due to the enthusiasm for the use of measurement and quantification in the science of education.