Deck 4: Civil Rights: Where Liberty and Equality Collide

Question 1

"Coverture" held that when a man and a woman marry, they become ___ .

A) "one person, and that person the husband"
B) "two equals in everlasting union under God"
C) "one person, and that person unified by independent souls"
D) One in the eyes of God, but separate persons before the law

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Who or what tends to be threatened by social movements?

A) Policies, programs, and the existing flow of benefits
B) The people, groups, and institutions that have controlled and benefited from the existing system
C) Those among the elites who fear social disorder
D) All of the above

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Advocates of gay rights have relied primarily on ___ .

A) the "necessary and proper" clause of Article I
B) the "equal protection" and "due process" clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment
C) the "full faith and credit" clause of Article IV
D) the "reserved powers of the states" clause of the Tenth Amendment

Answer 3

B

Question 4

As a rule of interpretation, the Ninth Amendment indicates that ___ .

A) the presence in the Constitution of a claimed right may be taken by a judicial court as proof that it does exist
B) the absence in the Constitution of a claimed right can be taken by a judicial court as proof that it does not exist
C) the presence in the Constitution of a claimed right cannot be taken by a judicial court as proof that it does exist
D) the absence in the Constitution of a claimed right cannot be taken by a judicial court as proof that it does not exist

Question 5

Which of the following constitutional phrases caused the Anti-Federalists to worry that the national government might become dangerously powerful?

A) "promote the general welfare"
B) "necessary and proper"
C) "supreme law of the land"
D) All of the above

Question 6

In recent years, the Ninth Amendment has been referenced in cases dealing with ___ .

A) sexual privacy
B) abortion
C) gay rights
D) All of the above

Question 7

The constitutional right to privacy appears explicitly in the ___ .

A) First Amendment
B) Fifth Amendment
C) Fourteenth Amendment
D) The right to privacy does not appear explicitly in the Constitution

Question 8

In Griswold v. Connecticut (1965), the Supreme Court argued that the First, Third, Fourth, Fifth, and Ninth Amendments have __________that indicate the right to privacy.

A) substances and obfuscations
B) disturbances and radiations
C) penumbras and emanations
D) protuberances and declinations

Question 9

Social movements arise from the effect that ___ .

A) socioeconomic development has on prominent social divisions
B) foreign agitators have on national security concerns
C) political deterioration has on constitutional structures
D) international agreements have on bilateral trade

Question 10

The surges in movement activity during particular periods and the similarities between movements that occur simultaneously are explained by the presence of ___ .

A) an inherent ethos or guiding light
B) various socioeconomic developments and submerged social divisions
C) a dominant frame or organizing theme
D) extraterrestrial emanations

Question 11

Mid-nineteenth-century social movements included support for ___ .

A) emancipation of the slaves
B) women's rights
C) temperance
D) All of the above

Question 12

Mid-twentieth century social movements included support for ___ .

A) temperance
B) women's rights
C) colonialism
D) All of the above

Question 13

The "Defense of Marriage Act" (DOMA) that defined marriage for the purposes of federal law as being between a man and a woman was signed into law by ___ .

A) Bill Clinton
B) George W. Bush
C) Barack Obama
D) Donald Trump

Question 14

The "Defense of Marriage Act" (DOMA) stated that despite the Constitution's "full faith and credit clause," __________would be required to honor another state's same-sex marriages.

A) some states
B) every state
C) no state
D) only Washington, D.C.

Question 15

In 2015, in the case of Obergefell v. Hodges, the Supreme Court declared ___ .

A) same-sex marriage constitutional yet dissimilar to heterosexual marriage
B) same-sex marriage unconstitutional and dissimilar to heterosexual marriage
C) same-sex marriage constitutional but not fully equal to heterosexual marriage
D) same-sex marriage constitutional and fully equal to heterosexual marriage

Question 16

Abolitionism had its origins in the ___ .

A) patriot debates over freedom and independence during the revolution
B) religious debates over slavery and freedom after the Civil War
C) racial debates over civil and voting rights during the 1950s
D) antiwar debates over intervention in Southeast Asia during the 1960s

Question 17

In 1817 the American Colonization Society was founded to promote the transportation of emancipated slaves to ___ .

A) Mauritania
B) Senegal
C) Ghana
D) Liberia

Question 18

In the early nineteenth century an attempt was made to make emancipation of slaves more attractive to whites by linking it to ___ .

A) the federal funding of the cotton gin to replace slavery
B) the transfer of slaves to the western territories
C) the idea of sending freed slaves back to Africa
D) the enlistment of slaves into the military during the War of 1812

Question 19

By the middle of the 1830s, with more than 175,000 antislavery pamphlets already mailed into the southern states, Congress passed and President Jackson __________through the mails.

A) appropriated federal funding to assist in sending additional antislavery pamphlets
B) signed legislation to limit the movement of incendiary pamphlets
C) relied on dual federalism to petition the Supreme Court to assist in sending additional antislavery pamphlets
D) relied on dual federalism to petition the Supreme Court to limit the movement of incendiary pamphlets

Question 20

The term Jim Crow refers to the laws and practices that enforced segregation of the races in the American South and elsewhere from ___ .

A) the end of the eighteenth century to the middle of the nineteenth century
B) the end of the nineteenth century to the middle of the twentieth century
C) the end of the twentieth century to the middle of the twenty-first century
D) The nineteenth-century prior to the Civil War

Question 21

The Thirteenth Amendment ___ .

A) declared that black men have the right to vote
B) effectively outlawed slavery
C) defined former slaves as citizens
D) redefined federalism

Question 22

The Fourteenth Amendment ___ .

A) declared that black men have the right to vote
B) effectively outlawed slavery
C) defined former slaves as citizens
D) redefined federalism

Question 23

The Fifteenth Amendment ___ .

A) declared that black men have the right to vote
B) effectively outlawed slavery
C) defined former slaves as citizens
D) redefined federalism

Question 24

After the Civil War amendments were ratified, the Supreme Court quickly interpreted them in the __________possible terms.

A) narrowest
B) broadest
C) simplest
D) most deceptive

Question 25

The decision in the Civil Rights Cases (1883) held that ___ .

A) Congress could not prohibit racial discrimination by state governments or individuals
B) Congress could prohibit racial discrimination by state governments and by individuals
C) Congress could prohibit racial discrimination by state governments but not by individuals
D) Congress could not prohibit racial discrimination by state governments but it could by individuals

Question 26

Which one of the following cases did not deal with desegregation?

A) Brown v. Board of Education
B) Sweatt v. Painter
C) Bradwell v. Illinois
D) McLaurin v. Oklahoma

Question 27

The first major piece of civil rights legislation since Reconstruction, the Civil Rights Act of 1957, was passed under the __________administration.

A) Eisenhower
B) Kennedy
C) Johnson
D) Nixon

Question 28

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed under the __________administration.

A) Eisenhower
B) Kennedy
C) Johnson
D) Nixon

Question 29

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 ___ .

A) prohibited discrimination by employers or labor unions in businesses with one hundred or more employees
B) prohibited segregation or denial of service in any public accommodations
C) permitted the U.S. attorney general to represent citizens attempting to desegregate facilities including public schools
D) All of the above

Question 30

The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 provided federal __________to school districts with large numbers of low-income students, provided that they were operating on a nondiscriminatory basis.

A) curriculum oversight
B) education funds
C) law enforcement
D) day care services

Question 31

The impact of the federal government's efforts to end segregation increased the percentage of black school children attending school with whites in the South from ___ .

A) 5 percent in 1868 to 25 percent in 1875
B) 6.3 percent in 1888 to 50 percent in 1954
C) 15.5 percent in 1957 to 85.3 percent in 1964
D) 1.2 percent in 1964 to 91.3 percent in 1972

Question 32

Which of these practices did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 prohibit?

A) literacy tests
B) poll taxes
C) white primaries
D) All of the above

Question 33

As a result of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, __________new black voters were registered to vote by 1970.

A) 4 million
B) 6 million
C) 8 million
D) 10 million

Question 34

Affirmative action policies are designed to make up for the effects of past discrimination by giving preferences today to specified __________groups.

A) linguistic, economic, and political
B) national, regional, and local
C) racial, ethnic, and sexual
D) tribal, religious, and class

Question 35

The Supreme Court decision in the case of Regents of the University of California v. Bakke dealt with the issue of ___ .

A) direct discrimination
B) endemic segregation
C) reverse discrimination
D) inherent segregation

Question 36

In the case of Ricci v. DeStefano (2009), the Supreme Court decided that __________in hiring or promotion.

A) race cannot be a factor in the decision, nor can it be the sole or driving factor
B) race can be a factor in the decision, and it can be the sole or driving factor
C) race cannot be a factor in the decision, but it can be the sole or driving factor
D) race can be a factor in the decision, but it cannot be the sole or driving factor

Question 37

In Grutter v. Bollinger, the Supreme Court allowed affirmative action, college admission programs ___ .

A) to take race into account if it is the only factor
B) to take race into account but only as one factor among many
C) to take gender into account if it is the only factor
D) to take gender into account but only as one factor among many

Question 38

Black Lives Matter, another social movement, demanded ___ .

A) an end to affirmative action
B) compliance with affirmative action
C) radical change well beyond affirmative action
D) competition rather than preferences

Question 39

The Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 brought together advocates for ___ .

A) civil rights in the Jim Crow South
B) women's rights in the United States
C) gay rights in New York City
D) Native American rights in the western territories

Question 40

The "Declaration of Sentiments" was written in the name of equality for American ___ .

A) colonists
B) women
C) blacks
D) All of the above

Question 41

President John F. Kennedy's Commission on the Status of Women provided __________of social and economic discrimination against women in its 1963 annual report.

A) no evidence
B) very little evidence
C) detailed evidence
D) None of the above, since no such report was written

Question 42

The Supreme Court decision in the case of Roe v. Wade (1973) struck down state restrictions with regard to ___ .

A) personal gun control
B) early term abortion
C) environmental pollution
D) employment discrimination

Question 43

Current attempts by conservative women and their allies to roll back abortion rights have pressured states to legislate limitations on a woman's right to choose, including ___ .

A) counseling mandates and waiting periods
B) spousal and parental notification requirements
C) doctor reporting requirements
D) All of the above

Question 44

Between 1995 and 2000 __________states adopted partial birth abortion bans.

A) 11
B) 21
C) 31
D) None of the above

Question 45

In the case of Gonzales v. Carhart (2007), the Supreme Court ___ .

A) upheld the Partial Birth Abortion Act signed into law by President Bush
B) struck down the partial birth abortion bans adopted by thirty-one states
C) struck down the Partial Birth Abortion Act based on the Roe v. Wade abortion precedent
D) struck down the Partial Birth Abortion Act blocked by President Clinton

Question 46

Title IX of the Education Act of 1972 forbade discrimination based on ___ .

A) race
B) gender
C) religion
D) National origin

Question 47

In 2015, women in the United States made __________percent of what men made, employed full-time, year round.

A) 40
B) 60
C) 80
D) 100

Question 48

The harassment scandals of 2017 accused powerful men in __________of inappropriate sexual behavior.

A) Hollywood
B) business
C) politics
D) All of the above

Question 49

Which two of the following movements may be characterized as social movements on the right?

A) the Tea Party movement
B) the Bernie Sanders campaign
C) the Trump campaign promise to drain the swamp
D) Occupy Wall Street

Question 50

Which of the following two movements may be characterized as social movements on the left?

A) the Tea Party movement
B) the Bernie Sanders campaign
C) the Trump campaign promise to drain the swamp
D) Occupy Wall Street

Question 51

The commitment of the Founders to freedom and independence led __________and __________to assist in founding abolitionist societies.

A) Alexander Hamilton
B) George Washington
C) Benjamin Franklin
D) Thomas Jefferson

Question 52

Writing for the court in the Dred Scott case, Chief Justice Roger B. Taney declared that __________and ___ .

A) no black, slave or free, was a citizen either of a state or of the United States
B) slaves and freemen could be confined to separate spheres as long as they were treated equally
C) the segregation of slaves and freemen in the South was unconstitutional
D) a slave was not free as a result of being carried into a free territory

Question 53

The decision in the case of United Steelworkers of America v. Weber (1979) dealt with __________with regard to workers at ___ .

A) reverse discrimination claims
B) affirmative action quotas
C) Goodyear
D) Kaiser

Question 54

In 2014 demonstrators protesting the killing of an unarmed black man by police in Ferguson, Missouri, were met with __________that ___ .

A) a militarized police presence and curfew
B) a relatively small and restrained police presence
C) resulted in few arrests and nonviolent responses
D) precisely represented the official force and violence that threatened black lives

Question 55

The Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 produced an alliance between __________and ___ .

A) Elizabeth Cady Stanton
B) Lucy Stone
C) Susan B. Anthony
D) Frances Willard

Question 56

In 2017, the sexual harassment scandals that erupted exposed the deeper social injustices beneath the __________and the struggle over __________rights.

A) paucity of women in politics
B) female wage gap
C) political
D) reproductive

Question 57

In recent years, the Supreme Court has taken a dim view of affirmative action regulations, so, observers were surprised when the court upheld the University of Texas's use of race as a factor in its undergraduate admissions process in the case of Fisher v. Texas (2016).

Question 58

The Ninth Amendment neither enhances nor limits other provisions of the Constitution.

Question 59

The Ninth Amendment declares that citizens do not have rights not explicitly enumerated in the U.S. Constitution.

Question 60

Social movements are the people rising up to demand change in the structure and policy results of government.

Question 61

While the demand for marriage equality may be relatively new, the demand for gay rights is not.

Question 62

The abolitionist movement of the mid-nineteenth century, which sought to abolish slavery in the United States, was part of a wave of social reform that also promoted temperance, peace, and women's rights.

Question 63

By 1810 the invention of the cotton gin increased cotton production and thus decreased the value of slaves and of their labor.

Question 64

By 1835 reaction throughout the South, in Congress, and even in the North, was powerfully against the abolition movement.

Question 65

Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech influenced the Kennedy administration's decision to enhance earlier civil rights legislation.

Question 66

In 2003, many corporations argued in court that college admission programs that gave preference to "underrepresented minorities" were not critical to create a diverse workforce.

Question 67

By 2007, in two cases before the Supreme Court, the court reversed more than 50 years of desegregation policy in regard to public schools.

Question 68

Under coverture, single women over 21, widows, and divorced women had more autonomy than married women.

Question 69

In the latter part of the nineteenth century, the federal courts were consistent in upholding state and federal laws that barred women from the practice of law.

Question 70

In the 1960s abortion law was the preserve of the states, so initially both NOW and NARAL focused their efforts at the state level.

Question 71

Passage of the ERA by Congress and announcement of Roe v. Wade by the Supreme Court, both in 1973, marked the low point of the twentieth century tide in favor of women's rights.

Question 72

In 2016, the Supreme Court struck down abortion restrictions in Texas as an "undue burden" on women's right to choose abortion.

Question 73

Social movements rarely achieve their goals quickly or completely.

Question 74

The broad phrases of the Constitution are enough to assure that all Americans are treated equally.

Question 75

Discuss why the Civil War and its aftermath raised new issues of diversity, equality, and civil rights in America.

Question 76

Discuss why the American federal structure meant that battles for equal rights had to be fought state by state after the Civil War.

Question 77

Discuss some of the salient social movements present in contemporary politics in the United States.

Question 78

Discuss why most social movements rarely succeed in gaining political power, or, if successful in gaining power, why they usually fail to achieve their objectives.

Question 79

Discuss the impact that the Dred Scott decision and the election of Abraham Lincoln had on the abolition movement.

Question 80

Discuss the reasons why the early twentieth century was a bleak time for civil rights in America.