Deck 11: Artificial Intelligence

Question 1

A memory system that is able to provide related information is called

A) Read-only memory (ROM)
B) Associative memory
C) An artificial neural network
D) Main memory

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The diagram below represents an associative memory as describe in the text.Under what condition will the center neuron become excited?

A) Any of the other neurons excited
B) Will never be excited
C) Any two of the other neurons excited
D) At least three of the other neurons excited

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The diagram below represents an associative memory as described in the text.What stable state will the system reach if it is initiated with the top and left-most neurons excited and the others inhibited?

A) All neurons excited
B) No stable state will be reached.
C) No neurons excited
D) Only the top and left-most neurons excited

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The diagram below represents an associative memory as described in the text.What stable state will the system reach if it is initiated with the top and bottom neurons excited and the others inhibited?

A) All neurons excited
B) Only the side neurons excited
C) No neurons excited
D) Only the top and bottom neurons excited

Question 5

Which of the following learning technique results in an agent merely performing a pre-recorded sequence of steps?

A) Imitation
B) Supervised training
C) Reinforcement

Question 6

In an artificial neural network,which of the following pairs of input connection weights would cause a neuron with two inputs and a threshold value of 2 to produce an output of 0 only when both of its inputs are 0?

A) 0, 0
B) 3, 0
C) 0, 3
D) 3, 3

Question 7

Which of the following programming methodologies seeks to develop software by a "trial and error" approach?

A) Object-oriented programming
B) Structured programming
C) Evolutionary programming
D) Declarative programming

Question 8

In an artificial neural network,which of the following pairs of input connection weights would cause a neuron with two inputs and a threshold value of 3 to produce an output of 1 only when both of its inputs are 1?

A) 0, 0
B) 2, 0
C) 0, 2
D) 2, 2

Question 9

A heuristic is applied during a search process in hopes of producing a

A) Depth-first search
B) Breadth-first search

Question 10

At what "stage" of analysis is the meaning of a pronoun such as he or she identified?

A) Syntactic analysis
B) Semantic analysis
C) Contextual analysis

Question 11

Which of the following is actually constructed during a heuristic search?

A) State graph
B) Search tree
C) Production system

Question 12

In an artificial neural network,what must be true about the threshold value of a neuron that processes an output of 1 when all of its inputs are 0?

A) It is less than -2.
B) It is not positive.
C) Both A and B are true.
D) Nothing can be determined without knowing the weights.

Question 13

At what "stage" of analysis is the meaning of the word ball in the following sentence determined? At the party John was having a ball.

A) Syntactic analysis
B) Semantic analysis
C) Contextual analysis

Question 14

In an artificial neural network,which of the Boolean operations AND,OR,and XOR can a single neuron with two inputs be programmed to compute?

A) AND only
B) OR only
C) XOR only
D) AND and OR only

Question 15

Which of the following is not a component of a production system?

A) Control system
B) Collection of states
C) Associative memory
D) Collection of productions

Question 16

At what "stage" of analysis are the sentences There were exactly twelve books on the table.
And
There were twelve books on the table,no more and no less.
Recognized as saying the same thing?

A) Syntactic analysis
B) Semantic analysis
C) Contextual analysis

Question 17

If the heuristic being used is the-number-of-tiles-out-of-place,which of the following eight-puzzle will be given priority for further consideration by a heuristic search?

A) $\begin{array} { l } 123 \\45 \\786\end{array}$

B) $\begin{array} { r } 23 \\156 \\478\end{array}$

C) $\begin{array} { l l l } 1 & 3 \\4 & 2 & 6 \\7 & 5 & 8\end{array}$

D) $\begin{array} { r l } 1 &3 \\4&2& 6 \\7&5&8\end{array}$

Question 18

In an artificial neural network,what input values will cause the neuron below to produce an output of 1.

A) All three 0
B) All three 1
C) Any combination in which the center input is 0 and at least one other input is 1
D) Any combination in which at least one input is 1

Question 19

If a heuristic search is used to solve the eight-puzzle from the starting configuration below using the-number-of-tiles-out-of-place as the heuristic,which of the following nodes will not be considered during the search? $$\begin{array} { l l l } 1 & & 2 \\4 & 5 & 3 \\7 & 8 & 6\end{array}$$

A) $\begin{array} { l l l } 1 & 2 \\4 & 5 & 3 \\7 & 8 & 6\end{array}$
B) $\begin{array} { l l l } 1 & 5 & 2 \\4 && 3 \\7 & 8 & 6\end{array}$
C) $\begin{array} { l l } 1 & 5&2 \\4 & 3 \\7 & 8&6\end{array}$
D) $\begin{array} { r } 1&2&3 \\&4&5 \\7&8&6\end{array}$

Question 20

Which of the following is an example of procedural knowledge?

A) Knowing the rate of growth of the world's population
B) Knowing how to tie your shoes
C) Knowing your name
D) Knowing the exchange rate of different national currencies

Question 21

How many nodes would be in the search tree generated by a heuristic search when solving the eight-puzzle from the starting configuration below if the-number-of-tiles-out-of-place were used as the heuristic?
1 2
4 5 3
7 8 6
____________

Question 22

Fill in the connection weights so that the artificial neuron below produces an output of 1 only when the upper two inputs are 1 and the lower input is 0.

Question 23

Place an X in each blank below that is associated with a statement that would be considered true by a closed-world database containing only the statement "Kermit is a frog OR Miss Piggy is an actress."
_____ Kermit is a frog.
_____ Miss Piggy is not an actress.
_____ Kermit is not a frog AND Miss Piggy is not an actress.
_____ Kermit is not a frog.

Question 24

Which of the following is a statement of the closed-world assumption?
A. The database contains only partial information.
B. The database contains only true statements.
C. If a statement is not a consequence of information in the database, then the statement is false.
D. The database contains all the information known to humans.

Question 25

Place an X in each blank below that is associated with a conclusion that would require the closed-world assumption in the context of a database that contained a list of subscribers to the New York Times.
_____ John Doe subscribes to the New York Times.
_____ John Doe does not subscribe to the New York Times.
_____ Either Mary Doe or John Doe does not subscribe to the New York Times.
_____ Either Mary Doe or John Doe subscribes to the New York Times.

Question 26

Suppose the search tree below is being constructed to solve the eight-puzzle using the-number-of-tiles-out-of-place as the heuristic.In each blank under a terminal node,write the heuristic value of the associated node.Then,circle the node that the search would pursue next.

Question 27

In each blank below place a P or an S to indicate whether the associated activity is performance oriented (P)or simulation oriented (S).
____ Writing a program that applies a particular economic theory to see if that theory leads to realistic consequences.
____ Writing a program to allow a database system to receive requests verbally.
____ Writing a program to control an automated aircraft landing system.
____ Writing a program to handle a university's registration system.

Question 28

Fill in the connection weights so that the artificial neuron below produces an output of 1 only when the upper input is 1 and the lower input is 0.

Question 29

In each blank below,write syntactic,semantic,or contextual to indicate which form of analysis is required to perform the associated task.
______________ Identify the subject in the sentence "John ate the ice cream."
______________ Recognize that the sentence "John ate the ice cream" means the same as the sentence "The ice cream was eaten by John."
______________ Identify the object in the sentence "John ate the ice cream."
______________ Identify the person referred to by the pronoun he in the sentence "He ate the ice cream."

Question 30

Explain the distinction between declarative knowledge and procedural knowledge.

Question 31

Place an X in the blanks below that are associated with tasks that could likely be performed by means of relatively simple pattern matching methods as opposed to requiring advanced image analysis techniques.
____ Identifying characters on a printed page
____ Identifying one domino from another
____ Distinguishing the parts of a photograph that represent living organic entities as opposed to inert objects.
____ Distinguishing photographs of family outings from those of business meetings

Question 32

List two types of agent actions/responses that are more complex than mere reflect actions.

Question 33

Suppose the task of solving the equation 3x + 2 = 17 were analyzed as a production system.
A.What would be the goal state?

B.What would be the production that would probably be applied first?

Question 34

The field of research known as _______________________ seeks to apply survival-of-the-fittest
theories to the problem solving process.In particular,_________________________ is the subfield that
seeks to apply such evolutionary principles to the programming process.

Question 35

Fill in the blank entries in the semantic net below to reflect the meaning of the sentence "Dumbo ate peanuts."

Question 36

The diagram below represents an associative memory as described in the text.What threshold value could be assigned to all the neurons to ensure that no neuron would ever be excited by the others?

Question 37

What is the effective input of an artificial neuron whose inputs are 1,0,1 and whose associated connection weights are 3,-3,-1,respectively?
____________

Question 38

A production system consists of a collection of ___________ representing various configurations of the
problem at hand,a collection of ______________ representing potential steps from one "configuration" to
another,and a ____________________ whose task is to find a solution to the problem at hand.

Question 39

Fill in the blanks with input values that will cause the artificial neural network below to produce an output of 1.

Question 40

Fill in the blank at the output end of each neuron in the artificial neural network below.

Question 41

Describe the distinction between a state graph and a search tree.

Question 42

What is the frame problem?

Question 43

Explain the distinction between weak AI and strong AI.

Question 44

When trying to understand a natural language,what are the distinctions between syntactic analysis,semantic analysis,and contextual analysis?

Question 45

Draw the search tree that would be generated by a breadth-first search when solving the eight-puzzle from the starting configuration below.

Question 46

How does the process of "programming" an artificial neural network differ from the traditional programming process?

Question 47

For the following map:
A.Draw the search tree generated by a breadth-first search in finding a path from Home to Southside.What is the found path?
B.Draw the search tree generated by a best-fit search in finding a path from Home to Southside assuming that "the straight line distance to Southside" were used as the heuristic.What is the found path?
C.Draw the search tree generated by the A* algorithm in finding the path from Home to Southside assuming that "the straight line distance to Southside" were used as the heuristic.What is the found path?

Question 48

Explain the distinction between image processing and image analysis.

Question 49

Draw the search tree that would be generated by a best-fit heuristic search when solving the eight-puzzle from the starting configuration below assuming that "the number of tiles out of place" were used as the heuristic.

Question 50

Do you believe the weak AI conjecture,the strong AI conjecture,or neither? Support your choice.

Question 51

Why would the search process used in the text to solve the eight-puzzle not be applicable in cases of competitive games such as chess or checkers?

Question 52

Suppose the eight-puzzle was extended to a four-by-four tray containing 11 tiles with the solved puzzle appearing as below.

What problem would occur if our heuristic search (using the-number-of-tiles-out-of-place)was applied to solve the puzzle start from the configuration below? How could that problem be overcome?