Deck 8: The Social Environment of Metro Areas: Strangers, Crowding, Homelessness, and Crime

Question 1

Lyn Lofland suggests we deal with strangers by __________.

A) identifying them on the basis of their appearance and spatial location in the city
B) identifying their politics
C) identifying their code of behavior
D) avoidance behavior

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Of the following, the best example of an urban code of behavior is __________.

A) following the "rules of the road"
B)dating only within one's neighborhood
C)being a "real neighbor"
D)establishing close community ties

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Keeping to the right as one walks down the street is an example of __________.

A)dealing with strangers
B) a code of behavior
C)neighboring
D)defending one's turf

Answer 3

B

Question 4

In the text, Ray Oldenburg suggests that cities provide a "third place" that __________.

A) is a formal school system that socializes children and makes them urbanites
B) means government centers where people can meet and exchange ideas
C)includes bars, beauty parlors, and coffee shops where people can come and go asthey please and feel comfortable
D) is comprised of city streets and avenues where people can feel that they are a part of urban life

Question 5

Research by Kasarda and Janowitz on neighboring indicates that the likelihood of neighborhood involvement is linked to __________.

A)age of residents
B)work status
C)longevity in neighborhood
D)marital status

Question 6

Reduced functional interdependence is exhibited by __________.

A)those having similarity of socioeconomic status
B)those belonging to the same ethnic or religious affiliation
C)those working together on an activity that generates social cooperation
D)those with reduced mobility or the elderly

Question 7

Fischer suggests that persons who neighbor are likely to be __________.

A)new to a neighborhood
B)short-term residents of an area
C)raising a family
D)politically involved

Question 8

The Yankee City study of Newburyport, Massachusetts was done by __________.

A)Robert Lynd
B)W. Lloyd Warner
C)Claude Fischer
D)Stephan Thernstrom

Question 9

In the writings of the Chicago School, the term "community" was synonymous with __________.

A)a small city
B) an urban neighborhood
C) a one-block area
D) an international group

Question 10

The results of the Middletown study indicated that residents __________.

A) became radicalized with the decrease in control over their community
B) resented loss of economic control
C)retained traditional values and normative structures
D)lacked functional interdependence

Question 11

Yankee City dealt with __________.

A)the effects of mass industrial production on the sense of community
B)the effects of propinquity on the sense of community
C)the effects of conscious communities on ethnic identification
D)the effects of federal programs on the sense of community

Question 12

The term "community" __________.

A)is used differently by different writers
B)most commonly means a block in a city
C)always involves a territorial base
D)relates to a localized semi-isolated population

Question 13

Ecologists generally use the term "community" to designate __________.

A)a group of individuals with like interests (i.e., community of scholars)
B)a religious group
C)ethnic interdependence
D)a territorial unit

Question 14

Keller and Fischer suggest urbanites intermingle on the basis of __________.

A)propinquity
B)neighborhood groups
C)common interests
D)ethnic ties

Question 15

The concept of the community of limited liability states that __________.

A) neighborhoods assume a common residential identification and identity
B)the amount of involvement of an urban resident in a community is dependent on that community's meeting the resident's needs
C)traditional values and normative structures still exist in neighborhoods but to a much more limited extent
D)social mobility among neighborhood residents decreases as neighborhoods age

Question 16

A community that is defined by internal community awareness is __________.

A)the defended neighborhood
B)the community of limited liability
C)the expanded community of limited liability
D)the contrived community

Question 17

Local organizations and planning agencies __________.

A)are most interested in conscious communities
B) have little interest in local communities
C)have a vested interest in communities of limited liability
D)are bureaucratic extensions of the larger urban government

Question 18

A community defined by commercial interests and government agencies is __________.

A)the defended neighborhood
B) the community of limited liability
C)the conscious community
D)the functional community

Question 19

According to the text, the most homogeneous type of community tends to be __________.

A)the conscious community
B)the community of limited liability
C)the expanded community of limited liability
D)the expanded neighborhood

Question 20

The effects of density and crowding in urban areas __________.

A)have been demonstrated by experiments with human subjects conducted by John Calhoun
B)are dependent on individual and cultural definitions and expectations
C)are social disorganization, social problems, and poor mental health--across all classes
D)were dismissed by the Chicago School as not being a true social problem

Question 21

Residents of conscious communities are commonly bound by similarities in all of the following except __________.

A)race
B)ethnicity
C)social class
D)sex

Question 22

Urban crowding and high density for human populations __________.

A)cause social problems and pathology
B)do not have any clear and definite association with pathology
C)create emotional tension and aggression
D)lead to mental health problems

Question 23

The text concludes that studies of the effects of crowding on animals __________.

A)are directly transferable to human groups
B)have some value in predicting how humans will react to crowding
C)have not yet been applied to human groups
D)really cannot be applied to humans

Question 24

Community studies of working class urban neighborhoods indicate __________.

A)that density leads to social pathology
B)people fear high density and are depressed over it
C)that working class residents often view high density as a positive sign of community vitality
D)that crowding is considered the major problem of neighborhood living

Question 25

William H. Whyte observed that most social interaction takes place __________.

A)in planned plazas
B)in parks
C)in shops and stores
D)in the middle of pedestrian traffic

Question 26

The text claims that in urban areas, street musicians and sidewalk vendors __________.

A)contribute to the social and economic vitality of a streetscape
B)cause an increase in street crime
C)have little or no effect on the urban setting
D)should be removed to designated urban areas

Question 27

Data about the homeless is disputable because __________.

A)the numbers are growing faster than data is being collected
B)of the transience of the population
C)researchers have shown limited interest in accurate data collection
D)most homeless are social isolates

Question 28

Data on the homeless indicate that approximately __________ percent are single.

A)52
B)66
C)80
D)90

Question 29

Slightly over __________ of the homeless are men.

A)one-third
B)one-half
C)two-thirds
D)three-quarters

Question 30

Which of the following statements is true regarding the homeless?

A) Most homeless have high rates of social disabilities.
B)Approximately 90 percent of the homeless are mentally ill.
C)About 90 percent of the homeless have spent time in jail.
D)The homeless are like the rest of the population except for having the bad luck of being homeless.

Question 31

According to the text, all of the following are responsible for taking away social support from the homeless except:

A)the deindustrialization of the economy.
B)"get tough policies on crime".
C)the deinstitutionalization of the mentally ill.
D)the dismemberment of urban welfare and mental health systems.

Question 32

According to the text, public attitudes toward and tolerance of the homeless, especially panhandlers, have __________ in the last ten years.

A)softened
B)remained the same
C)hardened
D)Public attitudes on homelessness have not been measured with any degree of accuracy.

Question 33

Over the last two decades, homelessness has increased partly due to the decline in affordable housing. The text states that the number of Single Room Occupancy units has decreased by __________ percent since 1980.

A)50
B)60
C)70
D)80

Question 34

The text claims that there are some bright spots regarding homelessness in the United States. One of them is __________.

A)that cities are beginning to build supportive SROs that have actually helped the homeless
B)that the number of homeless people declined very sharply during the last decade
C)that urban employment agencies are making great headway in finding jobs for the homeless
D)the crime rate among the homeless has been declining

Question 35

Which of the following is true about crime in U.S. cities? Between 1992 and 2013 urban crime __________.

A)showed sharp declines
B)remained steady
C)showed slight increases
D)showed sharp increases

Question 36

According to the text, the most serious problem reported by urban residents is __________.

A)high density
B)crime
C)inadequate housing
D)poor schools

Question 37

Wilson and Kelling's "Broken Window Theory" states that if you want to reduce the incidence of all crime in the city, __________.

A)you must concentrate your efforts on reducing drug abuse
B)you must deal forcibly with youth-generated crime
C)you must focus on preventing minor quality-of-life offenses like drinking in public
D)you must concentrate on solving major crimes

Question 38

According to the text, the crime rate in the United States __________.

A)is lower than almost all other developed nations
B)is about average when compared to other developed nations
C)is higher than almost all other developed nations
D)is the absolute lowest among the developed nations

Question 39

The Uniform Crime Reports most accurately report __________.

A)homicides
B)burglaries
C)narcotics offenses
D)larcenies

Question 40

According to the National Crime Victimization Survey, about __________ of all crimes are reported to the police.

A)one-fourth
B)one-third
C)one-half
D)two-thirds

Question 41

Most urban street crime is __________.

A)white on white crime
B)white on black crime
C)black on black crime
D)black on white crime

Question 42

The crime most likely to be interracial is __________.

A)homicide
B)rape
C)larceny
D)robbery

Question 43

The group having the highest crime rate is __________.

A)women
B)those under age 25
C)the working class
D)the poor

Question 44

Crime rates within urban areas generally are highest in __________.

A)inner-city areas and decrease as one moves toward the periphery
B)inner-city areas and the suburbs and lower in between
C)the old inner-ring suburbs
D)newer suburban areas

Question 45

African Americans have the lowest arrest rates for __________.

A)violent crimes
B)homicides
C)white-collar crimes
D)street crimes

Question 46

Crime rates are higher __________.

A)in the suburbs
B)in inner-city neighborhoods
C)in ethnic neighborhoods
D)in rural areas

Question 47

Inner-city areas that have not been invaded by disadvantaged newcomers __________.

A)are often among the most stable low-crime areas in the city
B)do not display tight social control by family and neighbors
C)have high crime rates
D)generally fall into decline and decay

Question 48

Suburban crime is __________.

A) growing, but still lower than urban rates
B) concentrated in newer suburbs
C)generally more violent than city crime
D)generally distributed evenly throughout the suburb

Question 49

High crime suburbs tend to have __________.

A)high income residents
B)high employment
C)low income residents
D)affluent homes

Question 50

Within the suburbs, crime is __________.

A)randomly distributed
B)concentrated in lower-income areas whose characteristics match the central city
C)more prevalent in the outer rings of suburbia
D)prevalent in affluent areas

Question 51

According to Lofland, we identify strangers on the basis of appearance and spatial location in the city.

Question 52

In the United States as in England social custom dictates that people formally queue up when waiting for the bus.

Question 53

Oldenburg defines the term, "third place", as an informal gathering spot in the city (such as a bar or beauty parlor) where people can feel comfortable.

Question 54

Codes of behavior are universally evident across cultural lines.

Question 55

Goffman pointed out that even a supposedly random activity, such as walking down the street, has a whole set of social rules.

Question 56

Working class persons tend to rely less on neighbors than middle-class individuals.

Question 57

Length of residency is positively correlated with neighborhood identification and involvement.

Question 58

Fischer's research suggests that persons who neighbor are unlikely to be raising a family.

Question 59

Fischer's research suggests that large-city dwellers are less likely to engage in neighboring.

Question 60

A recent American Housing Survey done by the U.S. Census Bureau indicates that neighborhood pride in cities has declined sharply and is in danger of disappearing.

Question 61

In the writings of the Chicago School, the term "community" was often a synonym for "urban neighborhood".

Question 62

Middletown residents lost local control over their destiny and alienation; radicalization and changing values followed.

Question 63

There is currently no consensus on the significance of community in modern social life.

Question 64

Yankee City suggests that urbanites engage in community activities on the basis of propinquity.

Question 65

One type of local community, the defended neighborhood, is defined in the text as the smallest spatial unit within which co-residents assume a relative degree of security on the streets as compared to adjacent areas.

Question 66

The concept of the defended neighborhood emphasizes the voluntary and limited involvement of residents in the local community.

Question 67

The community of limited liability is defined by commercial interests and government agencies-NOT by internal community awareness.

Question 68

The expanded community of limited liability is less fragmented and diffuse than the community of limited liability.

Question 69

Conscious communities tend to be more homogeneous than other communities.

Question 70

The Chicago School of urban sociology did not regard high urban rates of density as a social problem.

Question 71

Experimental animal studies tend to support the view that high density and crowding produce a long list of physical and behavioral pathologies among animals.

Question 72

Research studies in urban areas have shown a clear correlation between density and human pathology.

Question 73

The level of crowding is socially defined.

Question 74

According to the text, upper middle-class white populations in the U.S. have been socialized to view high density and crowding as a positive sign of community vitality.

Question 75

Whyte discovered that people move toward urban spaces of highest per-person density.

Question 76

Incentive zoning produced areas of social interaction.

Question 77

Whyte's research indicated that to restore lively and safe street life to an urban area, one of the things that must be done is to ensure that all new buildings have retail shops on the street level.

Question 78

According to the text, most studies about the extent of homelessness in the U.S. estimate the number of homeless to be 4 million people.

Question 79

A 2007 report by the Department of Housing and Urban Development and a2012 report respectively estimated that there were 754,000 and 633,782 homeless people each night in the U.S.

Question 80

The report by the Department of Housing and Urban Development estimated that approximately 66 percent of the homeless are single.