Deck 13: Planning, New Towns, and New Urbanism

Question 1

The gridiron layout of planning is associated with the __________.

A)Roman provincial city
B)Greek city
C)Renaissance city
D)Medieval city

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The gridiron pattern is derived from __________.

A)the design of ancient Rome
B)Roman military engineers who built army encampments
C)the ancient Greeks
D)the city plan of Babylon

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The largest of the planned Roman cities was __________.

A)Rhodes
B)Paris
C)London
D)Constantinople

Answer 3

D

Question 4

In 1593, __________ built a small city, Palma Nova, in the shape of a nine-pointed star.

A)Christopher Wren
B)Baron Haussman
C)Louis XVI
D)Vicenzo Scamozzi

Question 5

Renaissance cities were sometimes designed in the shape of a star. The reason for this was __________.

A)military defense
B)religious doctrine
C)aesthetic beauty
D)superstition

Question 6

Contemporary Paris was planned by __________.

A)Christopher Wren
B)Baron Haussman
C)Louis XVI
D)Vicenzo Scamozzi

Question 7

The boulevards of Paris are a consequence of __________.

A)early Roman patterns
B)medieval growth
C)conscious design in the mid-19^th century
D)post-World War II developments

Question 8

An example of an American planned town is

A) New York
B)Miami
C) Houston
D)Washington,D.C.

Question 9

During the 19^th century, in the U.S. __________.

A)new towns and settlements rapidly multiplied
B)creative developments were seen in town expansion
C)the circular pattern was extensively used
D)particular care was taken to harmonize the city with its surrounding environment

Question 10

The best known example of North American town planning during the 18^th and 19^th centuries is __________ plan for Washington,D. C.

A)Daniel Burnham's
B)Pierre L'Enfant's
C)Daniel Webster's
D)Louis Sullivan's

Question 11

During the 19^th century, U.S. towns were built on the __________.

A)circular pattern
B)gridiron pattern
C)organic pattern
D)diagonal pattern

Question 12

Gridiron patterned cities are typical of __________.

A) New England
B) colonial cities of the Southeast
C)Canadian and U.S. western cities
D)maritime Canada

Question 13

The text suggests that the rectangular grid was least appropriate for which of the following cities due to the nature of its terrain?

A)New York
B)Philadelphia
C)Chicago
D)San Francisco

Question 14

One example of a city built on a modified circular plan is __________.

A)Chicago
B) Pullman
C)Detroit
D)Baltimore

Question 15

Which of the following was the only planned community that remained successful?

A)Lowell, Massachusetts
B)Pullman, Illinois
C)New Harmony, Indiana
D)Salt Lake City, Utah

Question 16

A planned community that was designed as an experiment in socialist labor relations was __________.

A)New Harmony
B)New Glarus
C) Oneida
D)Llano del Rio

Question 17

The "city beautiful" movement in the U.S. is most closely identified with __________.

A)Daniel Burnham
B)Baron Haussman
C)Pierre L'Enfant
D)Louis Sullivan

Question 18

The "city beautiful" movement emerged from the __________.

A)construction of Central Park
B) Civil War
C)Columbian World Exposition
D)city manager movement

Question 19

__________ influenced public architecture in the U.S. for the first half of the 20^th century.

A)Jane Addams and the Tenement Reform Movement of the 1890s
B)The World Columbian Exposition of 1893
C)New York City's Zoning Resolution of 1916
D)The City Efficient Movement of 1910

Question 20

The influence of the "city beautiful" movement can be seen __________.

A)in the new towns built in the United States
B)only in the European capitals rebuilt following World War II
C)only in the housing and neighborhoods of Chicago
D)in government buildings throughout the country

Question 21

Which of the following was a main concern of the "city beautiful" movement?

A)government buildings
B) urban mass-transit systems
C)neighborhoods
D)tenement housing

Question 22

The style or architecture associated with the "city beautiful" movement is __________.

A) Victorian
B)Neo-classical
C) Modern
D)Functional

Question 23

Planned urban communities of the 19th century tended to __________.

A)be abandoned in the early 20^th century
B)become absorbed into the larger society in the 20^th century
C)be economically diverse
D)be socially diverse

Question 24

The city most closely associated with the birth of the "city beautiful" movement is __________.

A) New York
B) Milwaukee
C)Chicago
D)Philadelphia

Question 25

The building of parks in major cities __________ in the early 20^th century.

A)was opposed by business and civic leaders
B)had nothing to do with the "city beautiful" movement
C)was related to the "city beautiful" movement
D)was mandated by city governments

Question 26

The Chicago Plan of 1909 __________.

A)emphasized a massive program for housing
B)was opposed by politicians in both major parties
C)was a sincere attempt to integrate the central city and suburban areas
D)included a network of city parks

Question 27

Tenement reform laws in the U.S. were intended to __________.

A)just solve housing problems and nothing else
B)prevent social problems
C)attract more people to the inner city
D)save the cities money in housing construction

Question 28

Following World War I, the emphasis of planning focused on __________.

A)eliminating slums
B)zoning and the "city efficient"
C)the "city beautiful" movement
D)designing public parks

Question 29

The end of the "City Beautiful Movement" in the U.S. and the beginning of the "City Efficient" was marked by __________.

A)World War I
B)the Great Depression
C)World War II
D)the social turmoil of the 1960s

Question 30

Zoning first became a force in U.S. urban planning __________.

A)with the passage of The Federal Urban Design Act (FUDA) in 1889
B)in 1893, as a result of the Chicago Columbian World Exhibition
C)with New York City's Zoning Resolution of 1916
D)in 1955, with California's state zoning legislation

Question 31

The only major city in the United States without zoning laws is __________.

A)Houston
B)Los Angeles
C) San Francisco
D) Atlanta

Question 32

According to the text, a de facto functional equivalent of zoning is __________.

A)intrusion
B)deed restrictions
C)master plans
D)development plans

Question 33

An example of a lively workable city neighborhood according to Jane Jacobs is __________.

A)Greenwich Village
B)Harlem, New York
C)Chicago's Loop
D)Beacon Hill, Boston

Question 34

Jane Jacobs advocated __________.

A)zoning activities into distinct districts
B)segregating housing and commercial usage
C)dense concentrations of people
D)more police for greater security

Question 35

According to Jane Jacobs, to generate liveliness in a city __________.

A)districts should serve more than one function
B)buildings should be of uniform age and condition
C)urban population density must be kept within lower limits
D)combat zones should be delineated

Question 36

The work of Jane Jacobs has been criticized because __________.

A)of the emphasis it places on uniformity in the design of buildings, roads, etc.
B)the low-density levels that it advocates contributes to urban sprawl
C)it overlooks the growing power and presence of large corporations in shaping urban real estate
D)it is too theoretical and lacks any practical examples and applications

Question 37

The death blow for many master plans for cities after World War II was __________.

A)the new town movement
B)zoning changes
C)urban renewal and other development plans
D)suburbanization

Question 38

The text suggests that __________.

A)space has different symbolic meanings to different groups
B)architectural design does not increase the security of projects
C)the higher the density the greater the social problems
D)physical environment is the critical factor in determining social relationships

Question 39

City planning in the U.S. became more responsive to the needs and lifestyles of "less-favored", lower-class, urban groups __________.

A)immediately after World War I
B)during the Great Depression
C)during World War II
D)during the social upheavals of the 1960s and 1970s

Question 40

Compared with North America, Europe has __________.

A)a tradition of urban planning
B)little experience with urban planning
C)strong opposition to land-use controls
D)more decision-making at the local level

Question 41

One advantage some European communities have is __________.

A)a population used to small houses
B)control over their own municipal lands
C)lower population densities than the U.S.
D)lack of interference from federal governments

Question 42

A European city that now owns 75 percent of the land within its administrative boundaries is __________.

A)the Hague
B)Copenhagen
C)London
D)Stockholm

Question 43

Current housing programs in Western Europe __________.

A)are affected by a chronic housing shortage
B)place emphasis on massive building programs
C)place little emphasis on the urban environment
D)are emphasizing private market housing more

Question 44

The city in Europe where half the commutes to and from work are by public transit is __________.

A)London
B)Paris
C)Rome
D)Stockholm

Question 45

The Dutch ______________________________ .

A)prohibit public ownership of city land.
B)subsidize over 40 percent of housing.
C)rely upon the private sector to develop plans for each municipality.
D)have been unable to control urban sprawl.

Question 46

Today with regard to urban planning, the United States has __________.

A)no national land-use or growth policy
B)a relatively recent (1975) federal land-use policy
C)more planning than Europe
D)a new land development voucher system

Question 47

According to the text, urban sprawl in Holland is __________.

A)much more serious than in the U.S. due to high population densities
B)slightly more serious than in the U.S. due to the scarcity of land
C)about as serious as it is in the U.S.
D)virtually unknown

Question 48

The term, "utopia" originated __________.

A)as the title of a book published in 1516 by Thomas Moore
B)as political philosophy and still has nothing to do with town planning
C)with the "City Beautiful Movement" in the United States
D)in Ebenezer Howard's, "Garden Cities of Tomorrow"

Question 49

Howard's "Garden Cities" most distinctive feature was that __________.

A)they were built inside existing cities
B)they were surrounded by a permanent greenbelt
C)there was to be no zoning
D)they were to house the city's poor

Question 50

Ebenezer Howard, an activist as well as a visionary, established his first garden city in __________, UK.

A)Canterbury
B)Dover
C)Greenwich
D)Letchworth

Question 51

New Urbanism communities are built ________________ .

A)to higher densities
B)to lower densities
C)where housing density is not an issue
D)to larger lot sizes

Question 52

New Urbanism or Traditional Neighborhood Developments are designed to __________.

A)segregated housing from commercial activities
B)promote smooth and fast traffic flows
C)zone for larger homes
D)encourage a mixture of people and activities

Question 53

New Urbanism communities are designed ____________________.

A)to encourage community and pedestrian use
B)provide all their own employment
C)to showcase modern housing designs.
D)to incorporate a provision that restrict surrounding land to agricultural use only

Question 54

New Urbanism communities stress __________.

A)curvilinear streets
B)cul-de-sacs
C)wide streets
D)narrow streets and sidewalks

Question 55

The British decision to have the government build new towns came largely as a consequence of __________.

A)the Depression
B)World War II
C)the Industrial Revolution
D)the Korean War

Question 56

Which of the following do all post World War II European new towns have in common?

A)They were initiated, planned and financed by the government.
B)They were all based on the British "garden city" concept.
C)They were all designed to be closely tied to the central city and serve as residential (not employment) areas.
D)They were all company towns designed to provide housing for factory workers

Question 57

Today, according to the text, European nations have __________.

A)increased the pace of new town building
B)stabilized the pace of new town building
C)slightly decreased the pace of new town building
D)stopped building new towns

Question 58

During the 1970s, the federal government's policy toward new towns was __________.

A)no federal involvement
B)initially to provide financial assistance and then to shut down the program
C)no new starts, but support those new towns in existence
D)continued expansion of the program

Question 59

The U. S. Government built the first new towns __________.

A)to remove the poor from center city locations
B)as part of the World's Fair demonstration on housing
C)as measures to combat the depression of the 1930's
D)to provide housing for the thousands of soldiers returning after World War II

Question 60

Based on current U. S. federal policies future new towns can be expected to __________.

A)expand rapidly in number
B)be built largely for the poor
C)be built only by private developers for the affluent
D)be found illegal by court cases

Question 61

The most successful of the post-war new towns in the U.S. have been __________.

A)Reston, Virginia and Columbia, Maryland
B)Soul City, North Carolina and Jonathan, Minnesota
C)Soul city, North Carolina and Riverton, New York
D)Jonathan, Minnesota and Riverton, New York

Question 62

The most successful U.S. new towns have been __________.

A)federally funded Greenbelt cites
B)privately financed towns resembling suburban areas
C)privately financed, totally planned intercity communities
D) federally funded housing projects

Question 63

Which of the following does "neo-traditional" or "new urbanism" use as its model for designing communities?

A)the city beautiful
B)the garden city
C)the 19^th century town
D)the research park

Question 64

Which of these Traditional Neighborhood Development projects was built by the Disney Company in Florida?

A)Seaside
B)Harbor Town
C)Kentlands
D)Celebration

Question 65

During the Renaissance, city planning was widely used to design and build new towns.

Question 66

The Ancient Greeks, who appreciated organization and structure in other aspects of their lives, gave little attention to the physical arrangement of their communities.

Question 67

According to Aristotle, the 5^th century Greek city planner, Hippodamus of Miletus laid out the street plan of Athens in the 5^th century B.C.

Question 68

The largest of the planned Roman cities was Constantinople.

Question 69

Star-shaped cities of the renaissance, like Palma Nova, got their shape purely for reasons of beauty and symmetry-not for any practical applications.

Question 70

In 1580, Queen Elizabeth tried (and failed) to restrict London's growth by creating a "green belt" of open land to prevent crowding and poverty.

Question 71

Charles Town was planned along patterns in congruence with Burgess' pattern.

Question 72

City planning in the U. S. is usually considered a 20^th century development.

Question 73

Pierre L'Enfant's overall plan for Washington,D.C. was carefully executed under his guidance to develop the neoclassical city in the 19th century.

Question 74

The Federal Land Ordinance of 1785 encouraged the gridiron pattern for American cities.

Question 75

All U.S. cities were designed on the gridiron pattern and none were based upon the modified wheel, as were some European cities.

Question 76

Planned urban communities of the 19^th century mostly lacked both the economic and social diversity to keep them viable.

Question 77

Of new 19^th century U.S. communities organized around religious or political-philosophical doctrines, only Pullman, Illinois grew and prospered.

Question 78

The late 19^th century movement that had the most pronounced effect on the design of U.S. cities was the "city beautiful" movement that emerged from the Chicago Columbian World Exhibition of 1893.

Question 79

The 19^th century construction of city parks was opposed by real estate developers who were moved by the profit motive.

Question 80

The "city beautiful" movement is most evident in the neo-classical design of public buildings in cities across the United States.