Deck 14: Infection, Infectious Diseases, and Epidemiology

Question 1

Which of the following situations might cause normal microbiota to become opportunistic pathogens?

A) growth of microbes on the surface of intact skin
B) growth of microorganisms on the excreted cellular wastes and dead cells in the large intestine
C) treatment of a cancer patient with radiation
D) growth of Lactobacillus on the surface of teeth
E) presence of Entamoeba in the lumen of the colon

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following is transmitted by the parenteral route?

A) ringworm
B) warts
C) gonorrhea
D) yellow fever
E) pertussis

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Mutualism is a relationship

A) that sometimes provides benefits for both members such that one or both parties cannot live without the other.
B) where only one member derives benefit from the other.
C) where one member of the relationship may kill the other.
D) where one member of the relationship benefits without hurting the other.
E) where it is difficult to prove the benefits or disadvantages one member of the relationship may provide for the other.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following is a sign of disease?

A) headache
B) dizziness
C) fever
D) nausea
E) cramps

Question 5

A healthcare-associated (nosocomial)disease is a disease acquired

A) by being bitten by an infected insect.
B) by eating contaminated food.
C) by using a contaminated needle.
D) in a health care facility.
E) by having unprotected sexual intercourse.

Question 6

Chagas' disease is transmitted by a bug with mouthparts that penetrate blood vessels.Which type of exposure does this represent?

A) mucous membrane portal
B) parenteral route
C) skin portal
D) contact
E) fomite

Question 7

Figure represents a Petri dish with a fungus (F),shown in darker gray,growing in the midst of bacterial lawn (B),shown in light gray.The relationship between the fungus and the bacteria would best be described

A) synergistic.
B) amensal.
C) commensal.
D) parasitic.
E) None, there is no relationship between the microbes.

Question 8

Which of the following stages of an infectious disease is the most severe?

A) the incubation period
B) the prodromal period
C) the illness period
D) the decline period
E) the convalescence period

Question 9

Diseases that are induced by modern medical procedures are referred to as ________ infections.

A) iatrogenic
B) exogenous
C) opportunistic
D) endogenous
E) subacute

Question 10

Symptoms are

A) subjective characteristics of a disease that only the patient can feel.
B) objective manifestations of a disease that can be measured.
C) objective manifestations of a disease that can be observed by others.
D) characteristics of a disease, such as sweating.
E) laboratory tests used to diagnose a disease.

Question 11

The fungus Pneumocystis jiroveci is found in the lungs of most people in low numbers,but in immunocompromised people it overgrows,resulting in severe respiratory problems.The fungus is best described as

A)a parasite.
B) resident microbiota.
C) a mutualist symbiotic partner.
D) transient microbiota.
E) both resident microbiota and opportunistic pathogen.

Question 12

In which of the following do the mucous membranes serve as a portal of entry for disease?

A) a pathogen crosses from the mother to the fetus by way of the placenta.
B) A person rubs the eye with contaminated fingers and the pathogen is washed into the nasal cavity by way of tears.
C) A person is bitten by a mosquito that carries the malaria parasite.
D) Fungi digest the outer layer of the skin.
E) A person receives an injection with a contaminated needle.

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of an exotoxin?

A) neurotoxin
B) coagulase
C) lipid A
D) streptokinase
E) collagenase

Question 14

Among the virulence factors produced by Staphylococcus aureus are hemolysin,coagulase,hyaluronidase,and enterotoxin.Which of these factors contribute to the ability of S.aureus to invade the body?

A) coagulase
B) enterotoxin
C) hemolysin
D) hyaluronidase
E) coagulase and hemolysin

Question 15

Which of the following situations is NOT a way in which a baby acquires normal microbiota?

A) The baby acquires the residential microbiota in the colon after the first meal.
B) Staphylococcus epidermidis is transferred from the hospital staff to the newborn after delivery.
C) microbes cross the placenta during pregnancy.
D) microorganisms grow in the respiratory tract after the baby's first breath.
E) microbes enter the nose and mouth when the baby is in the birth canal.

Question 16

Which of the following is considered part of the indigenous microbiota of the female reproductive system?

A) Candida
B) Lactobacillus
C) E. coli
D) Bacteroides
E) both Candida and Lactobacillus

Question 17

Which of the following statements regarding the demonstration of the etiology of disease is FALSE?

A) The suspect agent must be present in all cases of disease.
B) The suspect agent must cause the disease under investigation when introduced into a susceptible host organism.
C) The suspect agent must be isolated and cultured in the laboratory.
D) It must be possible to reisolate the suspect agent from the infected experimental host.
E) The suspect agent must be the only potential pathogen present in disease cases.

Question 18

The close contact between newborns and family members allow them to become ________ with microbes that become established as their microbiota.(Choose the most accurate term.)

A) infected
B) parasitized
C) colonized
D) contaminated
E) infiltrated

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT an example of symbiosis?

A) bacteria in the human colon
B) tapeworm in the human intestine
C) tuberculosis in the human lung
D) protozoa in termites
E) microbes passing across the placenta to the fetus

Question 20

Which of the following is considered a mechanical vector transmission?

A) cockroach transmission of Shigella
B) mosquito transmission of Plasmodium
C) flea transmission of Yersinia
D) tsetse fly transmission of Trypanosoma
E) louse transmission of Rickettsia

Question 21

In early spring 2009,the CDC reported several dozen cases of novel H1N1 influenza ("swine flu")in the United States.By the summer,the number of confirmed cases was reported as over 40,000.The pattern of novel H1N1 cases in the United States represents a(n)________ disease.

A) epidemic
B) endemic
C) sporadic
D) pandemic
E) opportunistic

Question 22

A pathogen is best described as

A) a microorganism that remains with the person throughout life.
B) any microorganism that causes disease.
C) an organism that remains in the body for a short time.
D) a microorganism that may cause a disease under certain circumstances.
E) a source of microbial contamination.

Question 23

Aerosols may be involved in ________ transmission of pathogens.

A) droplet
B) direct
C) vector
D) fecal-oral
E) waterborne

Question 24

A new influenza strain appears and is spreading rapidly.What measures might be taken by public health agencies to stop the spread?

A) Facilitate access to vaccines.
B) Identify and treat people who are infected.
C) Educate members of the public about ways to protect themselves.
D) Educate the public, promote vaccination, and treat those who are infected.
E) Shut down public transportation.

Question 25

Over 470,000 cases of cholera were reported in Haiti in the two years following the 2010 earthquake.Which of the following was the most likely mode of transmission?

A) mosquitoes
B) aerosols
C) contact
D) contaminated water
E) contaminated milk

Question 26

The incidence of tuberculosis in the year 2000 in the United States was 12.43/100,000 cases.This means

A) 12.43 of every 100,000 people in the United States had tuberculosis in the year 2000.
B) 12.43 of every 100,000 people died of tuberculosis in the United States in the year 2000.
C) there were 12.43 new cases of tuberculosis for every 100,000 people in the United States in the year 2000.
D) there were 12.43 tubercle bacilli per 100,000 microbes in the United States in the year 2000.
E) 12.43 of every 100,000 cases of tuberculosis were treated in the United States in the year 2000.

Question 27

Microbes known as transient microbiota are

A) microorganisms that remain with the person throughout life.
B) microorganisms that may cause a disease under certain circumstances.
C) organisms that remain in the body for a short time.
D) unsuccessful microbial invaders because of the presence of preexisting microbes.
E) sources of microbial contamination.

Question 28

Infectious diseases can be classified on the basis of

A) severity and duration of the disease.
B) means of transmission.
C) organs or organ systems affected by the disease.
D) type of microbe that causes the disease.
E) disease severity and duration, organ system affected or type of microbe.

Question 29

Which of the following diseases may be reduced by improved public sanitation measures?

A) malaria
B) HIV
C) cholera
D) chickenpox
E) rabies

Question 30

Which of the following is the correct sequence of a disease process?

A) convalescence, incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline
B) prodromal period, convalescence, incubation, illness, decline
C) incubation, convalescence, prodromal period, illness, decline
D) incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline, convalescence
E) illness, convalescence, incubation, prodromal period, decline

Question 31

Which of the following virulence factors directly contributes to severe inflammation?

A) coagulase
B) lipid A
C) hyaluronidase
D) kinase
E) collagenase

Question 32

Organisms that are resident microbiota are best described as

A) microorganisms that remain with the person throughout life.
B) any microorganisms that cause disease.
C) organisms that remain in the body for a short time.
D) microorganisms that may cause a disease under certain circumstances.
E) microorganisms that never cause disease.

Question 33

Treatment with high doses of antibiotics may lead to which type of healthcare-associated infection (HAI)?

A) ) subclinical disease
B) exogenous infection
C) latent infection
D) superinfection
E) zoonotic

Question 34

Fomites are

A) insects that transmit pathogens from an infected host to a noninfected host.
B) inanimate objects involved in the indirect contact transmission of pathogens.
C) fecal material from infected hosts.
D) animal sources for human pathogens.
E) silent carriers of infectious diseases.

Question 35

The bacterium that causes tuberculosis can be expelled from the lungs by a cough and remain viable in the air for an hour or more.If a person inhales the bacteria from the air,what type of transmission has occurred?

A) indirect contact
B) airborne
C) waterborne
D) foodborne
E) bodily fluid

Question 36

Which of the following types of epidemiology applies Koch's postulates to study a disease?

A) droplet
B) direct
C) vector
D) fecal-oral
E) waterborne

Question 37

A strain of Neisseria gonorrhea has a mutation which has caused it to lose the ability to produce fimbriae and become less virulent as a consequence.What function has this pathogen lost?

A) the ability to adhere to cells of the body
B) the ability to move from one location in the body to another
C) the ability to produce an endotoxin
D) the ability to establish a latent infection
E) the ability to prevent phagocytes killing it

Question 38

A person is exposed to rotten wood with fungal growth and develops blastomycosis.No one taking care of him/her becomes ill.Blastomycosis is an example of a ________ disease.

A) contagious
B) subacute
C) chronic
D) noncommunicable
E) latent

Question 39

Koch's postulates were used to demonstrate the relationship between

A) HIV and AIDS.
B) Mycobacterium leprae and leprosy.
C) liver flukes and liver cancer.
D) Haemophilus influenzae and Hib meningitis.
E) Haemophilus influenzae and the flu.

Question 40

People who wash their hands frequently during cold season typically have fewer colds than those who do not.This observation suggests cold viruses can be transmitted by

A) fomites.
B) mechanical vectors.
C) biologicalvectors. transmission.
D) direct contact.
E) both direct contact and fomites.

Question 41

All infections result in disease.

Question 42

The condition called parasitism is characterized as a(n)

A) relationship between two organisms where only one member benefits and the other is unharmed.
B) relationship between two organisms where both members benefit.
C) nonsymbiotic relationship.
D) unsuccessful microbial invasion due to the presence of preexisting microbes.
E) relationship between two organisms where one member harms the other.

Question 43

Influenza is an example of a chronic disease.

Question 44

Toxins that affect the lining of the gastrointestinal tract are (endotoxins/enterotoxins/exotoxins).

Question 45

Fomites cause disease by direct contact.

Question 46

Bacterial capsules are (antiphagocytic/cytotoxic/exotoxic)virulence factors.

Question 47

All diseases go through the stages known as incubation period,prodromal period,and illness.

Question 48

The (incubation/morbidity/prodromal)period is the time between infection and the occurrence of the first symptoms or signs of the disease.

Question 49

The degree to which a microbe is able to cause disease is known as its (morbidity/virulence/toxicity).

Question 50

Places in the body where there is no normal microbiota are referred to as (sterile/aseptic/axenic).

Question 51

In commensalism,one member of the relationship harms the other.

Question 52

An axenic environment is one

A) in which microorganisms remain with the person throughout life.
B) that is free of microbes.
C) that is a source of contamination.
D) in which microorganisms remain present only for a short time.
E) contaminated by microbial toxins.

Question 53

Koch's postulates can be applied to every infectious disease to identify its causative pathogen.

Question 54

A reservoir isI417B418:I418

A) a source of microbial contamination.
B) an environment that is free of microbes.
C) any microorganism that causes disease.
D) a condition in which organisms remain in the body for a short time.
E) a source of microbes for laboratory testing.

Question 55

Biofilms provide an alternative means for bacteria to attach to surfaces within the body.

Question 56

Bacterial cells with capsules are resistant to killing by phagocytes.

Question 57

Normal microbiota may cause disease if conditions change in the body.

Question 58

The condition known as microbial antagonism may be defined as

A) microorganisms that remain with a person throughout life.
B) a relationship between two organisms where one member harms the other.
C) a relationship between two organisms where only one member benefits.
D) an unsuccessful microbial invasion due to the presence of preexisting microbes.
E) a relationship between two organisms where both members benefit.

Question 59

A syndrome is a group of symptoms and signs that collectively characterize a particular disease.

Question 60

Commensalism is best described as a(n)

A) unsuccessful microbial invasion due to the presence of preexisting microbes.
B) relationship between two organisms where only one member benefits and the other is unharmed.
C) relationship between two organisms where both members benefit.
D) relationship in which a microorganism causes disease.
E) source of contamination.

Question 61

Persons with asymptomatic infections may be (contaminants/reservoirs/zoonoses)of disease.

Question 62

Staphylococcus bacteria are commonly present in the human nasal cavity but rarely cause disease of the upper respiratory system.This situation is an example of (commensalism/mutualism/parasitism).

Question 63

Lipid A is a(n)(cytotoxin/endotoxin/exotoxin)that stimulates the body to release chemicals that cause fever,inflammation,diarrhea,hemorrhaging,shock,and blood coagulation.

Question 64

Compare and contrast analytical,descriptive and experimental epidemiology.

Question 65

In 2012,a new kind of fungal meningitis (infection of the nervous system)was discovered.Disease occurred among patients who had received steroid injections in the spine.Discuss whether these were healthcare-associated infections (HAIs): defend your answer.Discuss the route of transmission and what measures public health agencies could take to reduce disease.

Question 66

Nausea is an example of a (sign/symptom/syndrome)of disease.

Question 67

Virions attach to target host cell by means of (capsules/capsids/ligands).

Question 68

Researchers have proposed that the herpesvirus responsible for the childhood illness roseola may cause a type of T cell leukemia.Ninety percent of the population has been infected by the virus by two years of age,but the T cell leukemia is relatively rare.The virus can be cultured in the laboratory in tissue culture,but not in mature organisms.Discuss the obstacles to applying Koch's postulates to the etiology of this disease.

Question 69

A (chronic/latent/subclinical)infection is one in which the microbe is actively reproducing but not causing symptoms.

Question 70

Compare and contrast endotoxins and exotoxins.

Question 71

A patient has an upper GI endoscopic procedure and later develops a severe (endogenous/iatrogenic/secondary)infection with the Gram-negative pathogen known as CRE.

Question 72

The bacterium that causes cholera is capable of living independently in freshwater.As a consequence,cholera epidemics primarily involve (animal/nonliving/zoonotic)reservoirs.

Question 73

Pathogens in droplets of body fluids are spread by (contact/indirect/vehicle)transmission.

Question 74

Describe three types of reservoirs of infectious disease in humans.Give an example disease for each type of reservoir.

Question 75

In early 2014,West African countries began diagnosing and reporting cases of Ebola for the first time in their history.This is an example of a(n)(endemic/epidemic/sporadic)disease.

Question 76

The study of the cause of disease is known as (epidemiology/etiology/pathology).