Deck 11: Sex and Gender

Question 1

The acceptance of gay behavior in Iraq:

A) is greater in 2010 than it was before the U.S. invasion in 2003.
B) is less in 2010 than it was before the U.S. invasion in 2003.
C) has always been near "non-existent."
D) is very open and tolerant.
E) is not discussed and there is no information on this.

Answer 1

is less in 2010 than it was before the U.S. invasion in 2003.

Question 2

Which statement about the cross-cultural study of male homosexuality is true?

A) Sexual preference and sexual activity are the same thing.
B) Approximately 30 percent of all U.S. males prefer homosexuality as a lifestyle.
C) Some societies define male homosexuality as a necessary requirement for heterosexual relationships in adulthood.
D) All societies view male homosexuality as deviant and pathological.
E) Only societies that have a state religion tend to condemn homosexuality.

Answer 2

Some societies define male homosexuality as a necessary requirement for heterosexual relationships in adulthood.

Question 3

Expected ways of behaving based on a society's definition of masculinity and femininity is called:

A) the sexual division of labor.
B) human sexuality.
C) gender.
D) sexual roles.
E) gender roles.

Answer 3

gender roles.

Question 4

Anthropological data on human sexuality in other parts of the world is sparse for all of the following reasons except:

A) sexual activity in all parts of the world is considered to be a private matter.
B) data on women has been ignored by the preponderance of male researchers.
C) questions asked by anthropologists have been narrowly defined.
D) anthropologists have not been interested in this topic for very long.
E) gathering this type of data can be very delicate and difficult.

Question 5

While human sexuality varies widely from culture to culture:

A) most societies are quite permissive about premarital sex.
B) all societies regulate sexual conduct.
C) all societies expect married adults to have very active sex lives.
D) no societies consider sexual activity essential for good health.
E) all cultures contain the same two genders.

Question 6

Among the Maasai:

A) women have extremely high status as cattle herders.
B) women and men have relatively equal status, as both participate equally in subsistence activities.
C) there is a female-centered ideal and the society is markedly pro-female.
D) women are marginalized because they are not cattle herders.
E) both men and women work as farmers, but men's labor is more valued.

Question 7

Which of the following types of societies are most associated with gender egalitarianism?

A) hunting and gathering
B) horticultural
C) pastoral
D) agrarian
E) industrial

Question 8

The text defines gender as:

A) the biological differences in males and females.
B) the way members of the two sexes are perceived, evaluated, and expected to behave.
C) the differences in males and females due to the greater strength of males.
D) universally-recognizable male aggressiveness and female maternalism.
E) a continuum of biological sexual characteristics.

Question 9

Which statement about sexuality in the United States is not true?

A) Although more people are becoming sexually active at a younger age, they are not having sex as frequently.
B) Young people are becoming sexually active at an earlier age.
C) A greater percentage of younger people are becoming sexually active.
D) For those who are sexually active, their sexual activity is becoming more frequent.
E) The United States tends to be more permissive about sexuality than many other countries.

Question 10

Male homosexuality among the Azande of the Sudan can be described by all of the following except:

A) It is considered a legitimate short-term arrangement while men serve in the military.
B) It involves the payment of bridewealth.
C) It is not considered to be a long-term (lifetime) arrangement.
D) It is a publicly recognized role.
E) It involves the peaceful co-existence of both a homosexual and heterosexual relationship within the same marriage or union.

Question 11

Male involvement in child rearing is quite common among which group?

A) Maasai
B) Azande
C) Navajo
D) Pokat
E) Dinka

Question 12

Margaret Mead's study of three New Guinea societies determined that:

A) males in all three societies were more nurturing than were the women.
B) men's and women's gender roles are not defined in the same ways in all societies.
C) women in these three groups were fiercely aggressive while men's behavior varied.
D) men in these three groups were fiercely aggressive while women's behavior varied.
E) women were nurturing and men were aggressive.

Question 13

Which of the following tasks is not generally shared between males and females across cultures?

A) tending small animals.
B) making craft items.
C) trading in the local market.
D) preparing food.
E) planting and harvesting crops.

Question 14

The Hijra of Hindu India exemplify:

A) a gender role that tolerates a wider definition of gender than is found in our own society.
B) a gender role which defines masculinity more rigidly than our own society.
C) a gender role which defines masculinity and femininity almost identically.
D) social deviants who are discouraged in their own society.
E) a type of individual who has no actual biological sexual definition.

Question 15

Recently,in agrarian societies:

A) women's status has declined because there is less value put on agricultural subsistence.
B) women's status has improved because of job opportunities off the farm.
C) women have begun outnumbering men as the primary subsistence earners on the farm.
D) gender stratification has become increasingly divided.
E) Women have become world leaders.

Question 16

Sexual dimorphism is:

A) found in all species of mammals.
B) a characteristic of humans.
C) the practice of having two sexual partners.
D) absent in most Asian and African societies.
E) constantly becoming more manifest in humans.

Question 17

As a general rule,most societies divide labor by gender so that:

A) women clear land and tend crops.
B) men collect firewood, carry water, and clear land.
C) men engage in warfare, hunt large animals, and clear land.
D) women have children, but men participate daily in their upbringing.
E) women and men have tasks that do not overlap or depend upon each other at all.

Question 18

Among food collecting societies,the roles performed by women and men:

A) are assigned a very different status.
B) are different but their relative status is not.
C) are almost identical, with very similar status.
D) do not determine the status of each gender, as both genders do exactly the same tasks.
E) never overlap.

Question 19

The milk-goat project in Malawi was an attempt to address which basic social problem?

A) toddler malnutrition
B) sexual violence against women
C) starvation across the entire population
D) drought
E) lack of job opportunities

Question 20

In horticultural societies,what is the source of most of women's subsistence work?

A) herding animals
B) farm work
C) child care
D) cooking
E) hunting

Question 21

"Genderlects" refers to linguistic gender differences in the United States,where:

A) women's speech tends to be cooperative in character.
B) women engage in "report-talk," while men engage in "rapport-talk."
C) women emphasize establishing a place in the competitive social hierarchy.
D) men tend to engage more often than women do in "active listening."
E) women tend to use more qualifiers than men in their speech, making it difficult to converse.

Question 22

According to Ernestine Friedl,women are subordinate to men because men:

A) are bigger and stronger.
B) control the allocation of scarce resources.
C) have more testosterone.
D) are hunters.
E) tend to have more aggressive social interactions.

Question 23

Which statement about the "feminization of poverty" is false?

A) It applies to women all over the world.
B) The inequities worldwide of gender and economics are increasing.
C) It has little relationship to gender segregation in the American workforce.
D) Female-headed households with children are much less powerful than families that include a male adult.
E) It is particularly severe for minority women in the United States.

Question 24

Gender stratification is found:

A) only in food collecting societies.
B) only in horticultural societies.
C) only in pastoralist societies.
D) only in industrial societies.
E) in all types of societies.

Question 25

Which statement about the Minangkabau of West Sumatra is true?

A) The society is a true matriarchy.
B) This society tends to emphasize cooperation among men and women.
C) This society emphasizes women controlling men.
D) This society emphasizes high levels of competition between men and women.
E) This society has multiple genders and so there is no traditional understanding of differences between men and women.

Question 26

Pregnant women in developing countries face all of the following except:

A) malnutrition.
B) a lack of trained medical personnel to deal with high-risk pregnancies.
C) 80 to 600 times the risk of dying of complications of pregnancy than women in the industrialized world.
D) increased vulnerability to HIV/AIDS.
E) increased likelihood to seek contraceptive devices.

Question 27

Dowry deaths are found most often in which part of the world?

A) India
B) Mexico
C) China
D) Kenya
E) France

Question 28

The preference for male children:

A) is universal.
B) doesn't really exist and only appears in the anthropological literature because of the male bias in anthropology.
C) is only found in food collecting (foraging) societies.
D) is much more common than the rare preference for female children.
E) ultimately creates a healthy and balanced society.

Question 29

Anthropologist Richard Lee attributes the low incidence of HIV/AIDS among the Ju/'hoansi to:

A) their high rate of sexual abstinence.
B) the traditional high status of Ju/'hoansi women.
C) good sex education programs in the public schools.
D) the widespread use of condoms.
E) the lack of any outside influence.

Question 30

The World Bank has found that financial credit given to women is good business because of all of the following except:

A) women are more reliable than men in terms of paying back the loans.
B) women tend to spend their profits on better nutrition for their children.
C) women tend to spend their profits on their children's education.
D) women tend to carry a heavier burden of financial inequality than men.
E) women do approximately one third of the work throughout the world.

Question 31

Which statement about Dr.Patten's role in the Malawi goat project is false?

A) She conducted baseline ethnographic information on the local population.
B) She failed to understand the normal relationships between men and women.
C) She helped convince local men to allow women to control the goat herds.
D) She served as a cultural broker between the project team and the local population.
E) She wished to improve nutritional rates in Malawi.

Question 32

Which of the following statements about South Korea is true?

A) Their society has been based on Confucian values, but as the economy expands, the trend is moving toward greater balance between the sexes.
B) Their society used to be Confucian-based, but it has now changed and females are being valued much more than males.
C) They are becoming more and more gender imbalanced as they prefer males.
D) They are becoming more and more gender imbalanced as they prefer females.
E) They are one of the most sex-balanced countries in the world.

Question 33

From 1980 to 2000,it is estimated that stay-at-home dads grew by nearly what percent?

A) 50%
B) 100%
C) 200%
D) 400%
E) 700%

Question 34

Practical recommendations for maximizing the utility of family planning clinics in Ecuador included:

A) paying women to attend the clinic.
B) prohibiting all conversation during examinations.
C) prohibiting male physicians from the clinics.
D) acting discretely, giving privacy, and allowing women to maintain their modesty during visits to the clinic.
E) allowing women to visit the clinic at night, when no one could see them.

Question 35

Iranian women's abandonment and subsequent return to the veil and more traditional female roles illustrates that:

A) the status of women in societies is not static.
B) political change seldom changes women's roles.
C) men are universally dominant.
D) purdah has no place in the modern world.
E) world politics has enormous effect on what women choose to do.

Question 36

Which country has the highest Gender Empowerment Measure (greatest equality between men and women)?

A) Niger
B) Canada
C) Norway
D) Sierra Leone
E) United States

Question 37

According to Deborah Tannen,which statement best describes the differences in language between men and women in the United States?

A) Men and women cannot converse productively.
B) Men engage in "rapport talk" while women engage in "report talk."
C) Men's talk tends to be more competitive.
D) When men and women are talking together, women tend to talk more than men and interrupt them more frequently.
E) Men tend to listen better than women do.

Question 38

Women in many parts of the world are particularly vulnerable to HIV/AIDS for all of the following reason except:

A) they have less biological resistance to the disease than men.
B) it is unacceptable in some cultures for women to say "no" to unwanted sex.
C) in some sexually restrictive cultures, women are denied information about the dangers of sexually transmitted diseases.
D) women are economically dependent on men.
E) women face physical violence for voicing their concerns and choices.

Question 39

Susan Scrimshaw,an anthropologist studying family planning clinics in Ecuador,found that:

A) Ecuadorian women used these clinics very frequently and needed more clinics to address their needs.
B) women only respected male doctors.
C) the staff of local clinics had little to do with women's decisions about attending the clinic.
D) women's modesty had important implications for how women felt about attending family planning clinics.
E) women at the clinics had very positive attitudes about their bodies.

Question 40

Sexual asymmetry can be shown through the use of doublets:

A) which demonstrate the inequality of women compared to men in America.
B) which are pairs of words that have the same meaning, but one word is used by men and the other by women.
C) which are found in Standard American English.
D) which always vary in terms of loudness and aggressiveness.
E) which are words that are constructed of at least two other words and have a private meaning between men and women.

Question 41

Gender ideology in most societies is used to justify:

A) male violence.
B) male dominance.
C) female dominance.
D) female infanticide.
E) wage disparities.

Question 42

The Hindu system of sex segregation is called burkah.

Question 43

Which statement about violence against women in the U.S.is false?

A) Approximately half of female murder victims are killed by a current or former husband/boyfriend.
B) Many cases of violence against women go unreported each year.
C) Most rapes are committed by strangers.
D) Most violence against women occurs in the home, not on the street.
E) Physical violence against women is a direct consequence of gender ideology in the U.S.

Question 44

Women have a greater tendency than men to develop each of the following diseases/disorders in the United States except:

A) carpal tunnel syndrome.
B) alcoholism.
C) stress disorders.
D) parasitic diseases.
E) tendonitis.

Question 45

Among the Dani of New Guinea,there is a low sexual expressiveness as a cultural norm.

Question 46

Most violence to women in the United States occurs:

A) in public places.
B) at the workplace.
C) in church.
D) in her home.
E) at relatives' homes.

Question 47

Cross-cultural studies of gender have found that some societies have more categories than just female and male.

Question 48

According to Deborah Tannen,women in the U.S.engage in "report talk" while men engage in "rapport talk."

Question 49

Where are there very pronounced rates of female infanticide?

A) Ethiopia.
B) India.
C) Australia.
D) Bulgaria.
E) Italy.

Question 50

One of the cultural practices in Kyrgyzstan is ala kachuu,a form of:

A) dowry death.
B) honor killing.
C) bride abduction.
D) female infanticide.
E) female genital mutilation.

Question 51

In the United States,occupational segregation along gender lines:

A) has disappeared because of the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment.
B) is still high, with a number of occupations, such as those with supervisory positions, being primarily reserved for females.
C) has dramatically declined in most areas.
D) has actually become more severe over the last four decades.
E) is aggravated by race.

Question 52

Men in the U.S.have higher mortality rates than women,because men are more likely to do all of the following except:

A) have a higher biological tendency for sickness and stress-induced illnesses.
B) abuse their bodies with tobacco, alcohol, and drugs.
C) engage in high-risk behavior.
D) suffer from greater job related stress.
E) work jobs that are associated with higher risks.

Question 53

Women's roles must always be compatible with pregnancy,breast feeding,and childcare.

Question 54

The sum of biological differences between males and females is known as gender.

Question 55

"Genderlects" represent sexual symmetry in language.

Question 56

What is the traditional meaning of a "double workload"?

A) a condition associated with men and women in which one gender has to work two jobs to survive
B) the condition under which a single, unmarried woman works two jobs to be able to afford her household
C) a situation in which married women work both in outside employment and also within the home
D) the condition under which a single female-headed household is supported solely by earnings of the mother herself
E) a situation in which both the male and female in a household must be employed in order for the family to survive

Question 57

No society fails to regulate sexual conduct in some way.

Question 58

Male gender bias is expressed in all of the following except:

A) female infanticide.
B) "honor killings."
C) nutritional deprivation in female children.
D) dowry deaths.
E) domestic violence.

Question 59

Sambian men of New Guinea always retain a dual role as homosexuals and heterosexuals in their adult lives.

Question 60

Approximately 15 percent of all children in Malawi suffer from malnourishment.

Question 61

What are genderlects? Give an example.

Question 62

Because of a cultural focus on nurturing,the Minangkabau of West Sumatra have more cooperative gender relationships.

Question 63

In modern day South Korea,with its traditional preference for male children,the number of boys for every 100 girls born annually has been on the increase in recent decades.

Question 64

Despite decades of legislation aimed at reducing gender discrimination in the U.S.,the majority of men and women work in gender-segregated occupations.

Question 65

What types of gender roles are frequently shared between men and women cross culturally?

Question 66

What historical and social difficulties do anthropologists face as they study human sexuality?

Question 67

Men in the United States are better paid than women,even though the gap has been narrowing in recent decades.

Question 68

Generalized male dominance is buttressed by gender ideology.

Question 69

What is meant by the "feminization of poverty?"

Question 70

What is the significance of sexual dimorphism in humans?

Question 71

Two-thirds of all the illiterate people in the world today are women.

Question 72

Name four formational areas (associated with gender stratification)in which the world's women have not fared as well as men.

Question 73

Ecuadorian women were reluctant to use family planning clinics because the staff did little to protect women's privacy.

Question 74

Why is it difficult to measure gender stratification?

Question 75

What is gender ideology?

Question 76

List three types of exploitation caused by gender ideology.

Question 77

Dowry deaths in India have been on the decline since the 1990s

Question 78

Female circumcision is classified as a form of gender exploitation.

Question 79

Why are there more stay-at-home dads now than fifty years ago?

Question 80

Women in the U.S.have higher mortality rates than men because they are most often victims of family violence.