Deck 6: Processing Women and Girls in the Criminal Legal System

Question 1

Responses by criminal legal system officials regarding the handling of alleged suspects, defendants, offenders, and victims are referred to as _______.

A) crime processing
B) crime labeling
C) crime rating
D) crime staging

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Charging an individual with an offense is an example of _______.

A) crime staging
B) crime labeling
C) crime processing
D) crime rating

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of a legal characteristic?

A) race and ethnicity
B) sexuality
C) religion
D) severity of offense

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of an extralegal characteristic?

A) race and ethnicity
B) accurate evidence
C) prior criminal history
D) severity of the offense

Question 5

What type of variables are considered to be essential elements of judicial decision making and sentencing that have been neglected by both policy and research?

A) demographic
B) cultural
C) legal
D) extralegal

Question 6

Court-applied cultural factors that enhance the sentencing outcome to make it more severe/punitive are referred to as _______.

A) aggravating factors
B) mitigating factors
C) moderating factors
D) alleviating factors

Question 7

What type of factors reduces the outcome to one that is less severe/punitive?

A) aggravating
B) consequential
C) disconcerting
D) mitigating

Question 8

Which hypothesis states that there is no gender discrimination in the crime process?

A) equal treatment
B) women's liberation/emancipation
C) chivalry
D) evil woman

Question 9

Which hypothesis posits that there is gender discrimination in the criminal legal system against men's/boys and that they are treated more harshly than women/girls?

A) chivalry
B) women's liberation/emancipation
C) equal treatment
D) evil woman

Question 10

The _______ hypothesis purports gender discrimination whereby women/girls are treated more harshly than men/boys more by the criminal legal system.

A) chivalry
B) women's liberation/emancipation
C) equal treatment
D) evil woman

Question 11

Which hypotheses would likely be used to explain that a man and woman who committed the same offense were charged the same by the police?

A) equal treatment
B) women's liberation/emancipation
C) chivalry
D) evil woman

Question 12

Which hypotheses would likely explain that underage girls who drink alcohol are treated less severely than underage drinking boys?

A) equal treatment
B) women's liberation/emancipation
C) chivalry
D) evil woman

Question 13

Which hypothesis is consistent with hostile sexism?

A) equal treatment
B) evil woman
C) women's liberation/emancipation
D) chivalry

Question 14

Which two hypotheses are considered to be corollaries?

A) chivalry and equal treatment
B) equal treatment and women's liberation/emancipation
C) women's liberation/emancipation and evil woman
D) evil woman and chivalry

Question 15

Mothers receiving worse sentences for the identical child abuse as fathers is an example of _______ decision making.

A) evil woman
B) chivalry
C) women's liberation/emancipation
D) equal treatment

Question 16

Which corollary to the chivalry hypothesis proposes that women are treated with chivalry in criminal processing, but only when their charges are consistent with stereotypes of female offenders?

A) differential discretion
B) typicality
C) selectivity
D) selective chivalry

Question 17

The _______ hypotheses states that criminal legal system chivalrous treatment is racist and disproportionately given to White women/girls.

A) differential discretion
B) typicality
C) selectivity
D) selective chivalry

Question 18

Which corollary of the chivalry hypothesis suggests that chivalrous decision making is more likely in informal decision making, such as charge reduction decisions?

A) differential discretion
B) typicality
C) selectivity
D) selective chivalry

Question 19

_______ as a reason for chivalry is the assumption that women are more dependent than men on their spouses, and children are more dependent on their mothers than their fathers, therefore, women are less likely to recidivate than men.

A) Blameworthiness
B) Risk
C) Practical constraint
D) Consequences

Question 20

Benevolent sexism and hostile sexism are related to which concept?

A) evil woman
B) transinstitutionalization
C) women's liberation/emancipation
D) bargaining with the patriarchy

Question 21

Which of the following protects and rewards women/girls for traditionally feminine and gender appropriate appearance and behaviors?

A) hostile sexism
B) benevolent sexism
C) ambivalent sexism
D) religious sexism

Question 22

Sexism that punishes women/girls deemed as assuming masculine roles, agency, and power is referred to as ______.

A) hostile sexism
B) benevolent sexism
C) ambivalent sexism
D) religious sexism

Question 23

Research shows that ______ women are more likely to be incarcerated in their lifetimes than the others.

A) Latinx
B) White
C) Black
D) Indigenous

Question 24

Race/ethnicity is mismeasured in which of the following ways?

A) Official data measure African American as an ethnicity and separate from race.
B) Criminologists overrepresent Indigenous children and adults in their research.
C) Asian Americans are rarely included in studies on offending and victimization.
D) Victims' and defendants' race/ethnicity is not regularly recorded by officials.

Question 25

The history of raising victim age in statutory rape law in the late 1800s and early 1900s is an example of which form of gender discrimination in criminal law?

A) implementing and applying gender-specific laws
B) applying gender-neutral laws differently to women/girls than men/boys
C) applying gender-neutral laws in a manner that values one gender's victimization more seriously than others
D) implementing and applying some gender-specific and some gender-neutral laws

Question 26

The statutory rape laws were disproportionately applied to ______ men and boys.

A) Latinx
B) African American
C) White
D) Indigenous

Question 27

The second form of gender discrimination in criminal laws is best illustrated by ______.

A) sex work laws
B) statutory rape laws
C) third strike laws
D) death penalty laws

Question 28

The White female effect is in part due to which of the following?

A) religious bias
B) media bias
C) political bias
D) cultural bias

Question 29

A recent study found that deathworthiness was mostly attributed to a victim's ______.

A) gender
B) age
C) race
D) class

Question 30

The history of _______ is an example of benevolent sexism.

A) mandatory sentencing
B) determinate sentencing
C) split sentence sentencing
D) indeterminate sentencing

Question 31

In State v. Chambers (1973), the New Jersey State Supreme Court struck down indeterminate sentencing on the grounds that such decision making violated the equal protection of which amendment?

A) Sixth
B) Eighth
C) Fourteenth
D) Nineteenth

Question 32

Behaviors that are only offenses if committed by youth are referred to as _______.

A) infractions
B) felonies
C) status offenses
D) misdemeanors

Question 33

Skipping school is an example of a(n) _______.

A) status offense
B) infraction
C) felonies
D) misdemeanors

Question 34

The stages of the criminal legal system are typically assumed to start with ______.

A) parents
B) police
C) schools
D) peers

Question 35

Which of the following was identified as a pseudo-stage of the criminal legal system?

A) parents
B) police
C) church
D) peers

Question 36

Research consistently finds that girls are at greater risk of having their parents/guardians turn them in primarily for committing ______.

A) status offenses
B) infractions
C) misdemeanors
D) felonies

Question 37

In their study, Tracy and colleagues (2009) found that while court referrals steadily increased from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s for both genders, girls' referrals stabilized while boys' markedly decreased then stabilized. This finding supports which hypothesis?

A) women's liberation/emancipation
B) evil woman
C) chivalry
D) equal treatment

Question 38

Which of the following marked the move from rehabilitation to further criminalization of youth since the 1980s?

A) after care
B) blended sentencing
C) transfer waiver
D) diversion program

Question 39

Which of the following statements pertaining to transferring youth to adult court is true?

A) Youth waivers to adult/criminal court are highly gendered.
B) Juvenile waivers are common.
C) Waivers are reserved and only used for the very serious cases.
D) Youth who are transferred and convicted receive similar stances that situated adults.

Question 40

Which administration characterized African American boys as "superpredators?"

A) Carter
B) Bush
C) Clinton
D) Regan

Question 41

Research on gender bias regarding the decision to incarcerate overwhelmingly supports which hypothesis?

A) equal treatment
B) women's liberation/emancipation
C) evil woman
D) chivalry

Question 42

Which hypothesis is also applicable to factors such as sexual minority and immigration status?

A) differential discretion
B) typicality
C) selectivity
D) chivalry

Question 43

Research indicates that men's sentencing is more likely than women's to be impacted by what type of variables?

A) prior record and offense seriousness
B) race and ethnicity
C) marital status
D) socioeconomic status

Question 44

Which stereotype is used to justify harsher punishments for African American women/girl?

A) virile
B) amenable
C) cooperate
D) docile

Question 45

According to the author, an overwhelming amount of research supports the ______ hypothesis.

A) differential discretion
B) typicality
C) selectivity
D) selective chivalry

Question 46

The finding that courts stereotype mental illness as diminishing women's capacity and enhancing men's future dangerousness likelihood is consistent with which reason for criminal legal system chivalry?

A) consequences
B) practical constraints
C) blameworthiness
D) risk

Question 47

Selective chivalry typically focuses on ______.

A) age
B) race
C) gender
D) class

Question 48

The disproportionately harsh actions taken against sexual minority status girls/women are consistent with which hypothesis?

A) equal treatment
B) women's liberation/emancipation
C) evil woman
D) chivalry

Question 49

Some research found that ______ was a protective factor regarding recidivism.

A) marital status
B) familied status
C) sexual minority status
D) mental health status

Question 50

Some criminal legal system decision-making research found that being ______ helped women, but not men defendants.

A) single
B) divorced
C) separated
D) married

Question 51

Most people agree that extralegal characteristics should impact the decisions of criminal legal system officials.

Question 52

Mitigating factors are those that reduce the outcome to less server/punitive.

Question 53

The equal treatment hypothesis states that there is no gender discrimination in crime processing.

Question 54

The typicality hypothesis states that CLS chivalrous treatment is racist and disproportionately given to White women/girls.

Question 55

The three reasons offered for chivalry by Jeffries and Bond (2013) are blameworthiness, risk, and practical constraints and consequences.

Question 56

Hostile sexism protects and rewards women/girls for traditionally feminine and gender-"appropriate" appearance and behaviors.

Question 57

Feminists argue that benevolent sexism is not benign.

Question 58

Gender-neutral laws are written so that no differentiation is made regarding the applicability to women/girls versus men/boys.

Question 59

Historically, most laws have been gender-specific.

Question 60

Deathworthiness is most attributed to victims' race than gender.

Question 61

The 1813 Muncy Act of Pennsylvania is likely the most famous example of gender discrimination in sentencing.

Question 62

The disproportionate treatment of girls for status offenses by the juvenile courts is strongly linked to a double standard for girls and boys.

Question 63

Youth face one often-ignored pseudo-stage of the criminal legal system before the police: school.

Question 64

A primary change marking the move from rehabilitating to further criminalizing youth since the 1980s was the youth waiver policies.

Question 65

Regardless of race, transfer cases are far more punitive for youth of color, particularly African American youth.

Question 66

Sentencing departures allow judges under certain situations to decrease or increase the sentence prescribed in the determinate sentencing guideline.

Question 67

Defendants with family responsibilities, particularly children, are more likely to benefit from sentencing departures.

Question 68

Homicide research typically supports evil woman hypothesis.

Question 69

Research found that being married helped both men and women defendants.

Question 70

Laws criminalizing pregnancy have been almost exclusively directed at poor women of color.

Question 71

Explain the difference between aggravating factors and mitigating factors.

Question 72

Discuss the factors that need to be considered in order to determine whether gender bias occurs in crime process.

Question 73

Explain the differences between gender-neutral and gender-specific laws?

Question 74

Explain penal coloniality.

Question 75

Identify some of the ways in which race/ethnicity is mismeasured.