Deck 15: Social Influence

Question 1

All but one of the participants in each group of Asch's (1951, 1956) studies were:

A) Related
B) Naive to the experimental hypothesis
C) Confederates
D) Military personnel
E) Confabulators

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Approximately what percentage of participants in Asch's conformity study failed to make a single error throughout the experiment?

A) 37
B) 25
C) 53
D) 75
E) 5

Answer 2

B

Question 3

According to Bond and Smith's (1996) cross-cultural research, the approximate percentage of trials in which participants conformed in collectivist and individualistic cultures was, respectively:

A) 37; 25
B) 25; 37
C) 80; 10
D) 10; 80
E) 55; 45

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Abrams et al. (1990) found evidence that participants show more conformity when the rest of the group was said to be made up of:

A) Students from another university
B) People from a variety of ethnic backgrounds
C) Individuals much younger than the participant
D) Students from the same university
E) People from a social outgroup to which the participant did not belong

Question 5

According to Asch (1956), when another member of the group other than the participant in question gave the correct answer, conformity occurred on what percentage of trials?

A) 25
B) 5
C) 37
D) 53
E) 75

Question 6

Which of the reasons for conforming identified by Deutsch and Gerard (1955) leads people to change their private opinion?

A) Confirmatory influence
B) Normative influence
C) Group influence
D) Attitudinal influence
E) Informational influence

Question 7

The influence of a minority on a majority based on convincing the majority that its views are correct is, in Moscovici's (1980) terminology:

A) Compliance
B) Conversion
C) Convalescence
D) Coalescence
E) Conveyance

Question 8

The conformity effect identified by Wood et al. (1994) that, at least according to Moscovici's theory, is found mainly when minorities influence majorities is:

A) Indirect private influence
B) Public influence
C) Direct private influence
D) Normative influence
E) Informational influence

Question 9

David and Turner (1999) argued that minority influence will be found only when the minority is perceived as being:

A) More numerous than quarter of the populace
B) Part of the outgroup
C) Part of the ingroup
D) Having stronger allies
E) More persuadable

Question 10

The maximum shock value in Milgram's studies conducted in the 1960s was supposedly how many volts?

A) 300
B) 650
C) 180
D) 270
E) 450

Question 11

Which of the following was NOT one of the four situations Milgram compared specifically to investigate how the obviousness of the learner's plight affected obedience to authority?

A) Proximity
B) Remote feedback
C) Voice feedback
D) Experimenter giving orders via telephone
E) Touch-proximity

Question 12

The percentage of obedient participants went from what value when the experiment was conducted at Yale University to what value, respectively, when conducted in a run-down office building?

A) 65; 48
B) 65; 11
C) 48; 65
D) 11; 65
E) 80; 51

Question 13

Someone in which of the following states tends to think, "I am not responsible because I was ordered to do it", in Milgram's terminology?

A) Agentic
B) Autonomous
C) Apocryphal
D) Apologetic
E) Autochthonous

Question 14

Burger (2011) argued that the levels of obedience to authority obtained by Milgram were inflated because of all of the following factors, EXCEPT:

A) The participants were told they must accept full responsibility
B) The experimenter said he took full responsibility for what happened
C) The learner only began to protest after the tenth shock
D) The shock value increased in small increments
E) It was difficult for participants to notice when they began to be asked to behave unreasonably

Question 15

Hofling et al. (1966) tested the obedience to authority in which real-life population?

A) Nurses
B) Firemen
C) Military
D) School children
E) Corporate managers

Question 16

In relation to group decision making, group polarisation refers to when:

A) When a group splits into two subgroups after discussion
B) A group's decision becomes less extreme after discussion
C) A group's decision becomes more extreme after discussion
D) When a group scapegoats a few individuals after discussion
E) When a group fails to reach a decision after discussion

Question 17

Which of the following was NOT put forward in the text as a factor that influences group polarisation?

A) Desire to distinguish the ingroup from the outgroup
B) Social comparison
C) Persuasive arguments
D) Temporal ambiguity
E) How factual versus emotional the issue at hand is

Question 18

Janis (1982) argued that the factors that increase the chances of groupthink occurring include all of the following, EXCEPT:

A) The group considers many options
B) The group is very cohesive
C) The group is isolated from information coming from outside the group
D) There is much stress
E) The group is dominated by a very directed leader

Question 19

Which factors do Haslam & Reicher (2012) use to explain the findings of Zimbardo's prison study?

A) Situational
B) Personality
C) Cognitive
D) Developmental
E) Innate

Question 20

According to Zimbardo's (1970) theory, deindividuation should be most likely to occur when one is in a condition characterised by:

A) High arousal, anonymity, diffused responsibility
B) Anonymity, low arousal, alienation
C) Pessimism, high arousal, inhibition
D) Alienation, pessimism, low arousal
E) High self-awareness, high arousal, diffused responsibility

Question 21

Which of these findings does NOT counter Zimbardo's theory that crowding leads to anti-social behaviour?

A) Crowds have shown solidarity in response to an emergency.
B) Crowds have shown mutual helping behaviour in response to an emergency.
C) Those who identify strongly with other crowd member are more likely to help fellow crowd members
D) Crowds have been found to bait or encourage those attempting suicide to jump.
E) Crowds have shown calmness in response to an emergency.