Deck 16: Lgbtq2s Employment and Earnings in Canada

Question 1

Which one of the following is not part of the description for the term sex?

A) Biological attributes of a person
B) Socially determined characteristics
C) Physical features of a person
D) Chromosomes and genes
E) Hormones and anatomy

Answer 1

B

Question 2

What is referred to by 'intersex'?

A) People with reproductive or other biological traits that easily fit into the male/female binary
B) People who use both male and female sex classifications
C) People with reproductive or other biological traits that do not neatly fit into the male/female binary
D) A genetic variation in humans that is an inherent medical problem
E) c and d are correct

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Socially constructed roles, behaviours, expressions, and identities attached to sex categories are a definition of which of the following?

A) Sex
B) Gender
C) Intersex
D) Binary
E) None of the above

Answer 3

B

Question 4

People whose gender identity matches the sex they were assigned at birth are called?

A) Cisgender
B) Nonbinary
C) Trans
D) Two-spirit
E) Asexual

Question 5

When someone's sex assigned at birth does not match their gender identity, society typically labels them as:

A) Cisgender
B) Nonbinary
C) Trans
D) Two-spirit
E) Asexual

Question 6

Which one of the following is not a term preferred by people who are described as transgender?

A) Gender non-binary
B) Gender non-conforming
C) Genderqueer
D) Cisgender
E) Trans

Question 7

What is the term used by Indigenous people to describe LGBTQIA+ individuals who may possess both masculine and feminine qualities and/or fulfill both masculine and feminine roles?

A) Cisgender
B) Nonbinary
C) Trans
D) Two-spirit
E) Gender non-conforming

Question 8

Whom of the following is not described or included in 'LGBTQIA2S+'?

A) Anyone who identifies as agender
B) Anyone who identifies as skoliosexual
C) Anyone who identifies as demisexual
D) Anyone who identifies gynesexual
E) None of the above

Question 9

Which one of the following is not true about LGBTQIA2S+ people's experiences in the 20^th century?

A) Spaces where LGBTQIA2S+ people gathered were targeted, with ensuing violence
B) Discrimination against LGBTQIA2S+ people was illegal
C) Landlords could deny LGBTQIA2S+ people housing
D) Employers could refuse to hire LGBTQIA2S+ people
E) Employers could fire LGBTQIA2S+ people based on their sexual orientation and gender

Question 10

In 1987, ________.

A) only 10% of Canadians approved of homosexuality
B) 90% of Canadians expressed disapproval
C) 55% of Canadians approved of homosexuality
D) only 10% of Canadians expressed disapproval
E) a and b are correct

Question 11

The first study of gay/bisexual and lesbian/bisexual wage inequality by Badgett (1995, 2001) found which of the following?

A) Gay men earned less than heterosexual men.
B) Formal structures in the workplace limited the opportunities of LGBTQIA2S+ people.
C) Gay men earned more than heterosexual men.
D) Gay men earned less than heterosexual men but more than women.
E) a and b are correct

Question 12

What was the AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) epidemic referred to when it first became known in 1981?

A) Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
B) Gay-Related Immune Deficiency (GRID)
C) Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) - it never changed its name
D) Human Immune-Papilloma Virus (HIPV)
E) a and c are correct

Question 13

What province was the first to include sexual orientation in their provincial human rights act, and in what year?

A) Quebec, 1977
B) Ontario, 1970
C) British Columbia, 1976
D) Alberta, 1977
E) Nova Scotia, 1980

Question 14

What can be observed in research on labour markets?

A) Labour markets are stratified by gender and sexual orientation
B) Disparities and differences in wages depending on gender and sexual orientation
C) A reflection and reproduction of larger societal structures and inequalities
D) The streaming of men and women into and out of specific occupations
E) All of the above

Question 15

What changed in the 2021 Canadian Census?

A) It included questions on race, income, marital status, and religion
B) It included too many personal, inappropriate, or irrelevant questions
C) It included social, economic, political, and health outcomes for the LGBTQIA2S+
D) It included sex at birth (male or female) and gender identity (male; female; other, please specify) questions for the first time
E) b and c are correct

Question 16

A Statistics Canada's pilot study in 2020 found that ________.

A) approximately 0.07 percent of Canadians have a gender identity that differs from the sex they were assigned at birth
B) for those under the age of 35, non-binary gender replies were three times lower than those above
C) for those under the age of 35, non-binary gender replies were three times higher than those above
D) approximately 0.7 percent of Canadians have a gender identity that differs from the sex they were assigned at birth
E) a and c are correct

Question 17

According to research, which of the following is not true about the wage gap affecting sexual minorities?

A) Sexual minorities have been found to earn less than their heterosexual counterparts.
B) Except for bisexual men, married or previously married sexual minorities experience greater wage gaps.
C) Single gay men have been found to earn dramatically less than their heterosexual counterparts.
D) Single lesbians earn approximately the same as single heterosexual men.
E) Gay men and lesbians are less likely to be married and experience fatherhood bonuses or motherhood penalties.

Question 18

What did the TransPulse survey find about people who identified with a gender other than that assigned at birth?

A) Nearly 70% of the research participants did not have a college, university, or graduate/professional degree.
B) Even though nearly 70% of the research participants had a college, university, or graduate/professional degree, over half of them had salaries of less than $30,000 per year.
C) Nearly 70% of the research participants had a successful career or position at work.
D) Given the fact that nearly 70% of the research participants had a college, university, or graduate/professional degree, over half of them had salaries of more than $80,000 per year.
E) Even though nearly 70% of the research participants had not finished a college, university, or graduate/professional degree they were satisfied with their jobs and salaries.

Question 19

When it comes to education, which of the following is not true?

A) When gay men and lesbians with advanced degrees work in high-paying fields like business and finance, they often earn more than heterosexual men.
B) Gay men and lesbians tend to be more highly educated than heterosexual men and women.
C) Accounting for education typically increases gay men's wage disadvantage relative to heterosexual men.
D) Accounting for education typically decreases the lesbian wage disadvantage relative to heterosexual women.
E) Bisexual men and women are slightly more educated than their heterosexual counterparts.

Question 20

Comparing the public and private sectors, which of the following is correct?

A) The public sector tends to have a more proactive implementation of anti-discrimination legislation.
B) Anti-discrimination policies are generally implemented more aggressively in the private sector.
C) Because the private sector is heavily unionized, there may be less salary disparity and a better match between educational qualifications and pay rates.
D) Since the public sector is heavily unionized, there may be less salary disparity and a better match between educational qualifications and pay rates.
E) a and c are correct

Question 21

According to the text, geographic enclaves and neighbourhoods that offer access to gay-friendly retail, restaurants, nightlife, housing, and social opportunities are sometimes called what?

A) LGBTQIA2S+ neigbourhoods
B) Gay-friendly neighbourhoods
C) Gayborhoods
D) Rainbow neighbourhoods
E) None of the above

Question 22

Which of the following is a benefit for LGBTQIA2S+ people in urban vs rural settings?

A) Wages are higher in rural rather than urban areas.
B) Homophobic attitudes are less prevalent in larger and more urban communities.
C) Urban areas foster lower levels of inclusive workplaces.
D) There are more work opportunities in rural settings.
E) All of the above

Question 23

Which one of the following shows how the gender division of labour in the household is distributed in LGBTQIA2S+ couples?

A) Gay men and lesbians are less likely to have children, which reduces work-life balance struggles.
B) There tends to be a more egalitarian household division of labour.
C) Differences in the division of labour in the household decrease gay men's work effort
D) Differences in the division of labour in the household increase lesbians' work effort
E) All of the above are correct

Question 24

What is referred to by 'taste-based discrimination'?

A) The preference for working with certain groups of people
B) The preference for working only with people you like
C) Choosing only jobs you like that give you an advantage in wages
D) It is discrimination only experienced by bisexual and transgender individuals
E) a and c are correct

Question 25

Which one is not a type of discrimination that happens in the workplace?

A) Queuing theory
B) Statistical discrimination
C) Taste-based discrimination
D) Parental discrimination
E) None of the above

Question 26

Researchers have studied socioeconomic inequities in the labour market for decades, including persisting gender and racial inequity.

Question 27

The terms sex and gender can be used interchangeably because they refer to the same components of our identities.

Question 28

Intersex children account for 1 to 2 out of every 100 births.

Question 29

Gender describes biological characteristics such as physical characteristics, chromosomes, DNA, hormones, and anatomy.

Question 30

Asexuals have high levels of sexual attraction or interest in other people.

Question 31

Gender refers to socially constructed roles, behaviours, and expressions attached to sex categories, which can include gendered clothes, mannerisms, and behaviours that differentiate men from women.

Question 32

Other preferred terms for transgender or trans are gender non-binary, gender non-conforming, and genderqueer.

Question 33

Female pronouns (she/her/hers) are often used by male-to-female (MtF) transgender people, while he/him/his pronouns are often used by female-to-male (FtM) transgender people.

Question 34

Gender-neutral pronouns (they/them/theirs) are usually not preferred by most MtF and FtM people.

Question 35

Using someone's gender pronouns assigned at birth is the first step toward gender inclusivity.

Question 36

LGBTQIA2S+ is a shorthand acronym for people who are neither cisgender nor heterosexual.

Question 37

For much of the twentieth century, LGBTQIA2S+ people downplayed and concealed their sexual identities to avoid social sanction and violence.

Question 38

From the 1950s to the late 1990s, the Canadian government stopped discriminating against LGBTQIA2S+ people inside the federal government, since they were no longer considered a threat to national security.

Question 39

The Canadian Human Rights Act was amended in 1977 to add sexual orientation.

Question 40

Larger societal structures and inequalities are frequently reflected and reproduced in labour markets.

Question 41

Questions about sexual behaviour, attraction, and self-identity are frequently deemed too intimate, unsuitable, or irrelevant in studies of the LGBTQIA2S+ community's social, economic, political, and health results.

Question 42

Most study on gender and sexual minorities in the workplace has concentrated equally on gay men and on lesbian and bisexual individuals.

Question 43

Sexual minorities have been found to earn less than their heterosexual counterparts.

Question 44

Researchers in Canada discovered that gay immigrants fare better than Canadian-born gay people, whereas bisexual immigrants are at a disadvantage in the job market compared to both heterosexual and bisexual Canadians.

Question 45

The gay glass ceiling refers to when highly educated homosexual men and lesbians find work in well-paid occupations, and their incomes often exceed those of heterosexual males in similar occupations.

Question 46

In comparison to the private sector, gay men and lesbians are more likely to work in the public sector and face significantly lesser wage penalties.

Question 47

The LGB population in Canada is mainly concentrated in small pockets of rural centers.

Question 48

On average, gay men work longer hours than heterosexual men.

Question 49

Lesbians tend to work more hours than heterosexual women.

Question 50

Net of work effort, differences in returns to marriage, and motherhood penalties are founded in cultural perceptions of the ideal worker as a cisgender heterosexual man married with children.

Question 51

What is the difference between 'sex' and 'gender'? How would you define 'intersex'?

Question 52

What has been the role of the media in supporting a change in perspective for LGBTQIA2S+ people? What is a micro-aggression and how can it be considered a new form of discrimination?

Question 53

What challenges do researchers face when wanting to do research with LGBTQIA2S+ people?

Question 54

How would you describe the terms 'cisgender,' 'transgender' and 'two-spirit'? What are other ways in which they can be described? Explain each.

Question 55

What was the experience of an LGBTQIA2S+ person during the 20^th century? What changes happened at the federal and provincial levels between 1969 and 2017? How have things changed over the years?

Question 56

How is the wage gap experienced by sexual minorities? What is the effect of marital status on wages for gay men and lesbians? Explain how can you define human capital? How does it influence or affect LGBTQIA2S+ individuals and the choices that are viable to them? What is the gay glass ceiling?

Question 57

What are different ways in which discrimination is experienced by LGBTQIA2S+ people in the workplace? How does this affect their mental health?

Question 58

How do you see the shift in acceptance of LGBTQIA2S+ people in Canada? What changes do you still think are needed?

Question 59

What do you think about the gay glass ceiling? How is it that although gay men and lesbians are highly educated, they are still being discriminated against in the workplace?

Question 60

Can you imagine what life would have been like for an LGBTQIA2S+ person in the 20^th century? What do you think life will be or should be like for them 100 years from now?