Deck 3: Ancient Psychological Thought

Question 1

A Chinese naturalistic philosopher is often compared to Aristotle. He was

A) Confucius
B) Chan Yung
C) Hsün Tzu
D) Siddhartha Gautama

Answer 1

C

Question 2

In Babylonia, phenomena were often explained in terms of

A) logic.
B) demons.
C) a monotheistic god.
D) empirical research.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

In ancient Egypt, the ______ was viewed as the seat of cognitive activity

A) heart
B) brain
C) liver
D) stomach

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Women in ___________ enjoyed far greater social status than in most ancient cultures.

A) India
B) Egypt
C) Israel
D) Babylonia

Question 5

In India in the fourth millennium B.C.E., the suggested way to acquire knowledge was via

A) rational methods.
B) empirical methods.
C) intuition.
D) all of the above.

Question 6

Which ancient culture accepted a monotheistic God and had notions of mental disorders?

A) Babylonia.
B) Egypt.
C) Hebrew.
D) Persia.

Question 7

The Zoroastrian holy book was the

A) Avesta.
B) Vedas.
C) Torah.
D) Bible.

Question 8

The Greeks were interested in ________ and __________, the nature of the universe and the origin of the universe, respectively.

A) cosmology . . . cosmogeny
B) cosmogeny . . . cosmology
C) astronomy . . . materialism
D) materialism . . . cosmology

Question 9

___________, an early Greek cosmologist, believed that the primordial substance of the world, is water.

A) Anaximenes
B) Pythagoras
C) Theana
D) Thales

Question 10

Anaximander is often remembered as the

A) first recorded evolutionary theorist
B) first to emphasize the role of homeostasis in mental health
C) first to elevate the role of mathematics in science
D) first logician

Question 11

Anaximander's term apeiron means

A) universal origin.
B) without boundary.
C) air.
D) water.

Question 12

Anaximenes believed that the primary substance of the world is

A) air.
B) water.
C) fire, earth, air, and water.
D) apeiron.

Question 13

The literal meaning of the term philosophy is

A) science of the mind.
B) logic of the mind.
C) love of wisdom.
D) theory of knowledge.

Question 14

For the Pythagoreans, the world was driven by and based in

A) love and strife.
B) numbers.
C) apeiron.
D) air.

Question 15

__________, daughter of Pythagoras and Theana, was one of the first to give advice on child rearing, emphasizing
Moderation, balance, and mild foods and temperatures.

A) Myia
B) Aesara
C) Hypatia
D) Arete

Question 16

This philosopher was known for his attacks on Greek polytheism and for anthropomorphic concepts of the
Gods.

A) Parmenides
B) Xenophanes
C) Thales
D) Heraclitus

Question 17

This philosopher was one of the first to emphasize a philosophy of being. He believed that truth is known
Through reason rather than the senses.

A) Heraclitus
B) Aristotle
C) Democritus
D) Parmenides

Question 18

An early rationalist, _____ detailed his monistic philosophy in a poem thought to be titled "On Nature."

A) Heraclitus
B) Pythagoras
C) Parmenides
D) Xenophanes

Question 19

_____ outlined a number of paradoxes which cast doubt on the validity sensory experience.

A) Zeno
B) Heraclitus
C) Pythagoras
D) Anaximander

Question 20

Whereas ______ argued that movement is an illusion, ______ advanced the notion that constancy is an illusion.

A) Heraclitus…..Parmenides
B) Pythagoras…..Thales
C) Parmenides…..Heraclitus
D) Thales…..Heraclitus

Question 21

Which of the following statements would most likely come from Heraclitus?

A) Constancy is an illusion, only change is real
B) being is superior to becoming
C) eternal truth is discovered through reason
D) If you want to fight, fight with anger

Question 22

________ was the founder of atomic theory.

A) Anaximander
B) Leucippus
C) Aesculapius
D) Alcmaeon

Question 23

"The world is composed entirely of atoms." "My friend, you are clearly mistaken. The basic stuff of all
Reality is water." The argument is between

A) Anaximenes and Thales.
B) Democritus and Thales.
C) Heraclitus and Xenophanes.
D) Leucippus and Pythagoras.

Question 24

Democritus argued for a strict

A) determinism.
B) pluralism.
C) interactive dualism.
D) idealism.

Question 25

An early theory of sensation and perception, in which all objects shed images of themselves that interact with our sensory systems, was advanced by

A) Thales
B) Heraclitus
C) Democritus
D) Pythagoras

Question 26

_________ advocated an empirical approach to medicine. He was one of the first to practice dissection.

A) Aesculapius
B) Alcmaeon
C) Galen
D) Theophrastus

Question 27

________ believed that the four elements (fire, earth, air, and water) combined with two first principles (love
And strife). He believed that harmony and balance were important to survival.

A) Empedocles
B) Thales
C) Leucippus
D) Democritus

Question 28

These two Greek scholars are remembered for, among other things, advancing early versions of evolutionary
Theory.

A) Socrates and Plato
B) Thales and Anaximenes
C) Protagoras and Leucippus
D) Anaximander and Empedocles.

Question 29

_____ was one of the first to believe that the brain is involved in cognition, in accordance with his work examining the links between sensory systems and the brain

A) Aesculapius.
B) Alcmaeon.
C) Hippocrates.
D) Galen.

Question 30

_____ theorized that two principles, love and strife, interact with the four basic elements (earth, wind, fire, and water) and thus play a role in health.

A) Empedocles.
B) Alcmaeon.
C) Hippocrates.
D) Galen.

Question 31

_____________ is sometimes regarded as the real founder of Greek medicine. He was the first to advance a
Thoroughgoing naturalistic account of all illness. His account made no reference to demons or to supernatural
Causes. He was

A) Aesculapius.
B) Alcmaeon.
C) Hippocrates.
D) Galen.

Question 32

Hippocrates was the first to advance a classification of emotional disorders. His classification included the
Following categories:

A) neurosis, psychosis, mania, and melancholia
B) epilepsy, neurosis, psychosis, affective disorders
C) mania, melancholia, paranoia, epilepsy
D) demons possession, naturalistic disorders, disorders ordained by God, disorders that result from misuse
Of free will

Question 33

Which of the following is remembered as a sophist who advanced a thoroughgoing relativistic doctrine?

A) Socrates
B) Plato
C) Protagoras
D) Theana

Question 34

Sophists were

A) physicians who were poorly trained
B) Lawyers
C) cosmologists
D) teachers who received money in exchange for instruction

Question 35

Socrates believed that knowledge is more likely to be achieved through

A) controlled observation
B) naturalistic observation
C) reason
D) aesthetics

Question 36

Socrates believed that virtue is attained through ________, whereas evil results from ________.

A) self-knowledge . . . ignorance
B) following rules . . . false concepts
C) religious revelation . . . reductionism
D) restraint . . . lack of discipline

Question 37

Which of the following statements would be most consistent with Plato's theory of forms?

A) sensory information is necessary to most forms of true knowledge
B) there are universal, timeless, and true principles apprehended through reason
C) we know about the principles of triangularity through examining many individual triangles
D) in matters of knowledge, reason is not to be trusted

Question 38

Plato believed that _________ can result in only appearance and opinion while ________ is the only way to true
Knowledge.

A) intuition . . . reason
B) sensory information . . . intuition
C) sensory information . . . reason
D) reason . . . sensory information

Question 39

Plato believed in a three part soul or psyche consisting of

A) appetite, spirit, and reason
B) sensation, motivation, and cognition
C) sensation, perception, and cognition
D) emotion, sensation, and motivation

Question 40

________ and ________ were among the first to emphasize psychological forces in the development of mental
Disorders.

A) Socrates . . . Plato
B) Alcmaeon . . . Thales
C) Xenophanes . . . Alcmaeon
D) Protagoras . . . Zeno

Question 41

Which of the following is not a contribution from Socrates or Plato concerning mental disorders?

A) Irrational forces may dominate the mind leading to mental disorders
B) Discord amongst components of the psyche may contribute to mental disorders
C) Mental disorders may result from ignorance
D) Mental disorders arise from an imbalance of humors

Question 42

Aristotle's position on the relationship between soul and body is best described by the term

A) interactionism.
B) psychophysical parallelism.
C) idealism.
D) hylomorphism.

Question 43

Which of the following is true regarding Aristotle's distinction between recollection and memory?

A) memory is more active whereas recollection is more passive
B) memory is never spontaneous; only recollection is spontaneous
C) recollection involves effort, whereas memory can be spontaneous
D) recollection can take place without memory

Question 44

According to Aristotle, which of the following is most accurate?

A) thinking
B) imagination
C) perception
D) none of the above. All ways of knowing are flawed

Question 45

Which of the following best characterizes Aristotle's beliefs about dreams?

A) Dreams are based on the movement of sense impressions during sleep.
B) Dreams may provide important clues about the condition of the body.
C) Dreams do not convey divine messages.
D) All of the above.

Question 46

Which of the following might best characterize Aristotle's advice about how to attain goodness and happiness?

A) follow the rules or norms of your society
B) commit yourself without reservation to religious values
C) emphasize the development of courage
D) seek the golden mean, avoid extremes, try to be moderate

Question 47

According to Aristotle, humans seek pleasure and happiness but are often frustrated in their attempts to secure
These states. Aristotle believed that "good fortune" plays a role in the attainment of happiness but even without
Luck we can attain a modicum of happiness by practicing goodness and by

A) reconciling ourselves with religious authority.
B) practicing stoic resignation.
C) seeking moderation or the golden mean in all things.
D) taking strong stands on all issues.

Question 48

The Academy is to _______ as the Lyceum is to _______.

A) Plato . . . Socrates
B) Socrates . . . Plato
C) Plato . . . Aristotle
D) Theophrastus . . . Plato

Question 49

The essential feature of Greek thought, following Aristotle is

A) the emphasis on pure science
B) a new emphasis on narrow practical concerns and with how to be happy
C) a shift from emphasis on philosophy to a new emphasis on science
D) the continuation, for several hundred years, of a marked love for intellectual activities