Deck 14: Other Behavioral Psychologies

Question 1

Which of the following topics provided the foundation for behavioral psychologies?

A) sensation and perception
B) learning
C) imageless thought
D) experience

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Operationism refers to

A) the importance of including evaluative concepts in science.
B) the programmatic attempt to tie scientific terms to the measurements employed in an experiment.
C) the insistence that all experimentation be derived from hypotheses which have been rigorously derived
From theories.
D) the attempt to conduct pure empirical research unhampered by theories.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

_____ is the belief that a concept is without meaning unless it is explicitly verifiable. Proponents of this
View hoped for a unified science devoid of ambiguous and meaningless metaphysical concepts.

A) Operationism
B) Logical Positivism
C) Hullian behaviorism.
D) Anthroponomism

Answer 3

B

Question 4

_________ employed the term hormic in his system of psychology to refer to the idea that goal seeking is a
Central feature in mental activity and behavior.

A) William McDougall
B) Clark L. Hull
C) Edwin Ray Guthrie
D) B. F. Skinner

Question 5

_________ preceded Watson in declaring that psychology should be a positive science concerned with
Conduct. However, because he championed so many unpopular causes (Lamarckianism, Extra Sensory
Perception, teleology), his views were never widely accepted.

A) Clark L. Hull
B) Albert Paul Weiss
C) William McDougall
D) Edwin B. Holt

Question 6

Which of the following would be most friendly to the study of molar behavior with a strong emphasis on the
Purposive qualities of behavior?

A) Albert Paul Weiss
B) B. F. Skinner
C) Ivan Sechenov
D) Edwin B. Holt

Question 7

__________ preferred the term anthroponomy to Psychology, but is best remembered for his early work on
The delayed reaction test as a way to compare the problem solving abilities of various species.

A) Walter Samuel Hunter
B) Clark L. Hull
C) Edward Chase Tolman
D) Edwin Ray Guthrie

Question 8

_____ investigated delayed reactions in children and animals and was one of the first to study the human-machine problem

A) Walter Samuel Hunter
B) Clark L. Hull
C) Edward Chase Tolman
D) Edwin Ray Guthrie

Question 9

Karl Lashley's data suggested that the brain functions in terms of

A) point for point connections.
B) a field theory approach.
C) in a highly mechanical fashion.
D) the operation of clear-cut learning centers.

Question 10

The term Mass Action, in the work of Karl Spencer Lashley, refers to

A) the idea that one part of the cortex can substitute for another part
B) a nerve cell fires according to an all or nothing law
C) the rate, efficiency, and accuracy of learning depends on the amount of cortex available
D) nerve cells never fire in isolation, but always in groups

Question 11

One part of the cortex can sometimes take over the function of another part that has been injured. Thus, some
Functions that have been lost can be restored through appropriate relearning. This is known as

A) substitution theory.
B) isomorphism.
C) equipotentiality.
D) mass action.

Question 12

____________ attempted to advance a theory of behavior set forth very explicitly in terms of quasi-mathematical postulates and collieries that lent themselves very explicitly to experimental work.

A) Clark L. Hull
B) Edwin Ray Guthrie
C) Edward Chase Tolman
D) B. F. Skinner

Question 13

Which of the following definitions of reinforcement would be most acceptable to Clark L. Hull?

A) A reinforcement is any stimulus that increases the probability of a response
B) A reinforcement is a confirmed expectancy
C) A reinforcement is any stimulus that reduces a drive stimulus
D) A reinforcement is a stimulus that prevents unlearning

Question 14

According to Hull, reactive inhibition is akin to

A) reinforcement.
B) fatigue.
C) conditioning.
D) excessive emotion.

Question 15

Hull accounted for the permanent extinction of a response with his concept of

A) conditioned inhibition.
B) reactive inhibition.
C) central inhibition.
D) contiguity.

Question 16

Hull's position on concepts such as insight, purpose, and intention was that

A) such terms are secondary principles deducible from more elementary processes.
B) such terms are the appropriate topic of study for a behavioristic psychology.
C) such terms are meaningless and refer to nothing.
D) such terms will never be the domain of psychology.

Question 17

There is only one law of learning and that is that law of contiguity. Who would embrace this position?

A) Clark Hull
B) Edwin Ray Guthrie
C) Edward C. Tolman
D) Kenneth Spence

Question 18

Which of the following emphasized the idea that learning occurs in a single trial?

A) Clark Hull
B) Edwin Ray Guthrie
C) Edward C. Tolman
D) B. F. Skinner

Question 19

______ postulated that learned responses to stimuli do not become weaker due to the passage of time, but rather as the result of learning new responses to old stimuli.

A) Clark Hull
B) Edwin Ray Guthrie
C) Edward C. Tolman
D) B. F. Skinner

Question 20

Edwin Ray Guthrie's attitude toward the application of learning theory

A) was pessimistic.
B) did not exist; all of his research was basic.
C) was mildly appreciative.
D) was very positive.

Question 21

Tolman differed from Hull, Skinner, and Guthrie because his system reflected his belief that human and animal
Behavior is

A) only learned in small increments.
B) purposive.
C) on an evolutionary continuum.
D) only reflexive.

Question 22

The expression intervening variable refers to

A) extraneous factors that interfere with learning.
B) the problem of "action at a distance."
C) psychological processes that direct behavior and that mediate between stimuli and responses.
D) cognition's that are irrelevant to the task at hand.

Question 23

Tolman's experiments on _________________ called attention to the important distinction between performance and learning.

A) experimental extinction
B) latent learning
C) stimulus generalization
D) cognitive maps

Question 24

"Reinforcement is little more than a 'confirmed expectancy' and, in any case, has little to do with learning as
Such." Who might have said this?

A) Clark Hull
B) B. F. Skinner
C) Edwin Ray Guthrie
D) Edward Chase Tolman

Question 25

Evidence for cognitive interpretations of extinction has been provided by experiments on

A) latent learning.
B) latent extinction.
C) punishment.
D) sensory preconditioning.

Question 26

_____ argued that the ability to navigate in a complex spatial environment results from the learning of a cognitive map

A) Clark Hull
B) B. F. Skinner
C) Edwin Ray Guthrie
D) Edward Chase Tolman

Question 27

Which of the following, according to the text, is the most important bridge between classical behaviorism and
Contemporary psychology?

A) Edward Chase Tolman
B) Clark L. Hull
C) Edwin Ray Guthrie
D) Albert Samuel Weiss

Question 28

Which of the following behaviorists would be most clearly within the critical inductivistic empirical tradition of Francis Bacon?

A) Clark L. Hull
B) B. F. Skinner
C) Edward Chase Tolman
D) Kenneth Spence

Question 29

____________ was not only a determinist; he argued that the theory of free will is counterproductive to
Behavioral science and to society at large.

A) B. F. Skinner
B) Edwin Ray Guthrie
C) Edward Chase Tolman
D) William McDougall

Question 30

Skinner's views on cognitive psychology are best summarized by which of the following?

A) Cognitive psychology is a natural outgrowth of behaviorism.
B) Cognitive psychology is the legitimate offspring of operant approaches to learning.
C) Cognitive psychology is an obstacle that stands in the way of scientific psychology.
D) There is really nothing new in cognitive psychology -- it is behaviorism couched in a new language.

Question 31

Skinner chose to primarily study the type of behavior he called _____ instead of _____, the type of behavior
Studied by Watson and Pavlov.

A) environmental learning . . . situational learning
B) faculty learning . . . classical conditioning
C) operant behavior . . . respondent behavior
D) respondent behavior . . . operant behavior

Question 32

According to the text, which of the following is not an example of B. F. Skinner's applied research?

A) A book on language acquisition called Verbal Behavior
B) A popular textbook on learning called Principles of Behavior
C) "Project Pigeon," a military project that trained pigeons to deliver bombs during WWII
D) The "aircrib," a large, operant-like chamber used to raise children
E) A manual on aging called Enjoy Old Age