Deck 3: Antiquity 323 Bce-1000 Ce

Question 1

In a disturbing world, people seek freedom from disturbance. During such at time the Hellenistic schools of philosophy shared the goal of:

A) attempting to seize power and control over all the other Greek cities.
B) rejecting ataraxia while focusing on economics and trade.
C) creating and teaching a therapy of the soul.
D) convincing people to return to an era of personal glory as once championed by Sparta.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

After Alexander's death followed a period of turmoil. With the fall of the polis to tyrants and foreigners, Greeks of the Hellenistic Age turned to:

A) making as much money as possible
B) the pleasures of private life at home
C) attempts to overthrow their new rulers
D) political science and a new, more inclusive, form of democracy

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Match the philosophical movement to a recipe for ataraxia.
-Cynicism

A) Don't commit yourself fully to any belief, keep searching.
B) Ignore social conventions; be a hippie and live as a "dog."
C) Know God by dwelling inwardly on your soul.
D) Accept your place in the divine logos of the universe.
E) With draw from the world and live simply and quietly.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Match the philosophical movement to a recipe for ataraxia.
-Skepticism

A) Don't commit yourself fully to any belief, keep searching.
B) Ignore social conventions; be a hippie and live as a "dog."
C) Know God by dwelling inwardly on your soul.
D) Accept your place in the divine logos of the universe.
E) With draw from the world and live simply and quietly.

Question 5

Match the philosophical movement to a recipe for ataraxia.
-Stoicism

A) Don't commit yourself fully to any belief, keep searching.
B) Ignore social conventions; be a hippie and live as a "dog."
C) Know God by dwelling inwardly on your soul.
D) Accept your place in the divine logos of the universe.
E) With draw from the world and live simply and quietly.

Question 6

Match the philosophical movement to a recipe for ataraxia.
-Neoplatonism

A) Don't commit yourself fully to any belief, keep searching.
B) Ignore social conventions; be a hippie and live as a "dog."
C) Know God by dwelling inwardly on your soul.
D) Accept your place in the divine logos of the universe.
E) With draw from the world and live simply and quietly.

Question 7

Match the philosophical movement to a recipe for ataraxia.
-Epicureanism

A) Don't commit yourself fully to any belief, keep searching.
B) Ignore social conventions; be a hippie and live as a "dog."
C) Know God by dwelling inwardly on your soul.
D) Accept your place in the divine logos of the universe.
E) With draw from the world and live simply and quietly.

Question 8

Which of the following philosophers lived like a "Dog", (i.e. outside social conventions) and proclaimed himself to be "a citizen of the world"?

A) Diogenes
B) Zeno
C) Socrates
D) Leahey

Question 9

Any student today with interests in logic, computation, cognitive psychology and decision making, owes a debt of gratitude to the Greek school of philosophy known as ___________.

A) Skepticism
B) Magna Mater
C) Epicureanism
D) None of these

Question 10

The Islamic physician-philosophers were the first thinkers to propose that:

A) the brain is the organ of mental processes
B) nervous transmission is electrical in nature
C) different parts of the brain support different mental abilities
D) the brain is made up of "cells" invisible to the naked eye

Question 11

Identifying Aristotle's concept of mind with the Christian soul presented difficulties, because unlike the Christian soul, mind:

A) represented the essence of the individual person
B) was impersonal, containing only universal concepts
C) was regarded as immortal
D) was located in the heart instead of the head

Question 12

More generally, Aristotle's philosophy was difficult to merge with Christian theology because:

A) Aristotle's philosophy was naturalistic, invoking no supernatural forces
B) Christian thinkers rejected Aristotle's concept of final cause
C) Aristotle believed that living species were not fixed essences, but evolved
D) Aristotle was a Greek pagan

Question 13

Which of the following cartoon conventions illustrates the psychological theory embodied in early medieval plays of psychomachia? Using:

A) thought balloons to disclose a person's thoughts
B) a light bulb over the head to indicate insight
C) symbols such as *! ** as euphemisms for curse words
D) little devils and angels on a person's shoulders to represent moral choices

Question 14

The ideals of courtly love were inconsistent with the values of the earlier Middle Ages because:

A) there was no concept of sexual love prior to that of courtly love
B) courtly love assumed there was no afterlife in which to punish adultery
C) courtly love was a relationship between particular individuals
D) the troubadours who wrote the courtly love ballads were religious heretics

Question 15

One example of a Hellenistic philosophy that nearly became a religion and let to Plato's ideas dominating the middle ages was:

A) Epicureanism
B) Cynicism
C) Skepticism
D) Neoplatonism

Question 16

In the medieval Neoplatonic scheme of the universe, humans stand midway between God and Matter. As _______ beings human resemble God, as ______ beings humans resemble animals.

A) physical, rationale
B) rationale, physical
C) social, emotional
D) warlike, sexual

Question 17

An important advance of the Islamic psychological commentators in their commentaries on Aristotle's de Anima was:

A) reducing the number of faculties proposed by Aristotle
B) supporting Aristotle's behavior psychology with introspection
C) adding a treatment of motivation
D) trying to locate the faculties different parts of the brain

Question 18

Because its functions were carried out by refined animal spirits, the mental faculty of __________ marks the transition from the material to the spiritual world in medieval faculty psychology.

A) the interior senses
B) the exterior senses
C) passive mind
D) active mind

Question 19

In the medieval faculty psychology of Ibn Sina's system, a person knows that fire is dangerous and harmful by using the faculty of:

A) estimation
B) active mind
C) imagination
D) common sense

Question 20

Like Aristotle, the medieval faculty psychology of Ibn Sina's set animals apart from plants by the fact that animals moved. The motive power of animals was known as "appetite" and took two forms. These two forms were:

A) estimation and imagination
B) avoidance and approach
C) awake and asleep
D) memory and retention

Question 21

Medieval plays called psychomachia are significant because unlike later Western thought they:

A) represent mental processes as taking place outside the individual
B) emphasize the force of moral reasoning in causing human behavior
C) were only marginally influenced by religious themes
D) contain the first literary depictions of psychopathological mental states

Question 22

An important step toward scientific psychology taken by the Islamic faculty psychologists was their:

A) preservation of Aristotle's ideas
B) addition of new faculties to Aristotle's list
C) attempt to combine faculty psychology with brain structures
D) introduction of experimentation

Question 23

According to the Medieval philosopher-physicians such as Ibn-Sina, the only mental function which was not to be explained in terms of physiological processes was:

A) sensation
B) common sense
C) imagination
D) mind

Question 24

According to the text, the modern western conception of the individual was developed in part:

A) by Christian philosophers influenced by Greek thought
B) during the Hellenistic period and passed on to Christendom
C) by Ockham and other medieval followers of Aristotle
D) in popular literary culture during the Middle Ages

Question 25

One aspect of modern psychology that would have deeply puzzled medieval thinkers is our interest in:

A) mental processes
B) mental faculties
C) the soul
D) individual differences

Question 26

In Box 3.1 "Penance and the Mind Without", the example is given of how Penance was required by the Church during Late Antiquity to erase the burden of a person's sin. However, __________.

A) the act of penance had to be made inside a church in order to save an individual sinner.
B) the acts of penance had to be performed by the individual sinner themselves and the individual must have true and honest intentions behind their seeking forgiveness.
C) the act of penance had to be performed by a virgin woman that was hired to do so by the sinner.
D) the act of penance could be performed by anyone on the behalf of the sinner.

Question 27

Match. Find the best match for the following:
-All temptation comes from the devil and goes into human minds. (a)

A) The mind of ancient medieval people.
B) The mind of people today.
C) No match.

Question 28

Match. Find the best match for the following:
-Temptation and conscience are characteristics of a person.

A) The mind of ancient medieval people.
B) The mind of people today.
C) No match.

Question 29

Match. Find the best match for the following:
-Feelings of compassion, empathy and mercy for the suffering of another person that is not related to oneself.

A) The mind of ancient medieval people.
B) The mind of people today.
C) No match.

Question 30

Match. Find the best match for the following:
-One's born legal status and social position define how others treat you more than your individual personality.

A) The mind of ancient medieval people.
B) The mind of people today.
C) No match.

Question 31

Match. Find the best match for the following:
-Leaders are born and they are expected to act like leaders

A) The mind of ancient medieval people.
B) The mind of people today.
C) No match.

Question 32

According to the text, the modern western conception of the individual was developed in part:

A) by Christian philosophers influenced by Greek thought
B) during the Hellenistic period and passed on to Christendom
C) by Ockham and other medieval followers of Aristotle
D) in popular literary culture during the Middle Ages

Question 33

How did animal and human motivation differ according to both Islamic faculty psychology and Christian faculty psychology?

Question 34

Describe the operation of the interior senses as they sequentially process input from the senses.

Question 35

The Greek miracle was a time when nature, human nature, and society came under investigation through reason rather than revelation. Yet, later in the Hellenistic period faith in philosophy and science faltered. Explain how people turned from reason to secret revelations and give some examples.

Question 36

What evidence is there to support the claim that during the Middle Ages the modern conception of the individual began to develop? Why did it not arise earlier?

Question 37

Describe the growth of the idea of the individual in medieval literature and philosophy. Do you think medieval people "discovered" or "constructed" the idea of the individual?

Question 38

How are the different conceptions of the importance of the individual reflected in the differences between American and European politics? How might these conceptions of and "individual self" influence the developmental history of psychology?

Question 39

In discussing how the ancient Greeks and Romans differed from our conception of the individual the author of the textbook states, "The rational mind of each person thus knows another person only as essence- humanness- not as an individual defined by the characteristics that make each person unique". Explain how this "Neoplatonism Zeitgeist" of universals and not individuals was reflected in a medieval person's legal status, work, social roles, religion and morality etc.

Question 40

Explain the argument that the Greek dualism separating soul and body led to war and slavery. How is it that war and slavery contributed to both the rise and fall of Rome?

Question 41

Describe how many of the plays written and performed from late antiquity through the middle ages demonstrate the idea of the "mind without" and show how different our conceptualization of the individual is different today.