Deck 2: Viewers Make Meaning

Question 1

____________ is informed by experiences relating to one's class, cultural background, education, and other aspects of identity.

A) Interpretation
B) Taste
C) Knowledge
D) Understanding

Answer 1

B

Question 2

In countries that follow ____________, ownership of the expression of an idea cannot be sold or given away.

A) copyright law
B) the art market
C) moral rights
D) ideology

Answer 2

C

Question 3

What is the process in which social movements take hegemonic texts or once-derogatory terms and reuse them in affirming and empowering ways?

A) transcoding
B) appropriation
C) negotiation
D) institutional critique

Answer 3

A

Question 4

____________ is a method used for the analysis of both the role of economics in historical progress and the ways that capitalism works to produce class relations.

A) Negotiation
B) Aesthetics
C) Marxism
D) Appropriation

Question 5

Which Dadaist artist developed and displayed "readymades"?

A) Dalí
B) Haacke
C) Wilson
D) Duchamp
E) Tretchikoff

Question 6

Some artists have formed ____________ to critique the economy and culture of the fine artist as creative genius and the gallery system in which fine art acquires value.

A) subcultures
B) collectives
C) signifying practices
D) belief systems

Question 7

____________ is a term used by Dick Hebdige to describe the choices that are made to give objects new meanings and aesthetic values that differ from their original context.

A) Signifying practices
B) Transcoding
C) Dominant-hegemonic
D) Oppositional

Question 8

Barbara Kruger's Untitled (Your manias become science) uses an image of the atomic bomb, originally suggesting the primacy of Western science and technology, to express a(n) ____________ sentiment through its critique of nuclear weapons.

A) aesthetic
B) hegemonic
C) counterhegemonic
D) strategic

Question 9

In Archduke Leopold Wilhelm in His Picture Gallery in Brussels (c. 1650-51), David Teniers the Younger depicts Archduke Leopold Wilhelm surrounded by his personal collection of paintings. In doing so, he affirms the archduke's importance as a ____________.

A) connoisseur
B) textual poacher
C) prolific painter
D) prosumer

Question 10

Where would a snow globe fall on James Clifford's map of the Art-Culture System?

A) Not-Culture
B) Not-Art
C) Art
D) Culture

Question 11

Traditionally associated with domesticity, safety pins were appropriated by the 1970s punk movement as a form of decoration that signaled a refusal to participate in mainstream domestic culture and disdain for the dreary norms of everyday consumer culture. Another term for this type of signifying practice is ____________.

A) bricolage
B) strategy
C) habitus
D) kitsch

Question 12

The iconic 1917 poster of Uncle Sam declares that he wants YOU. The viewer, however, may resist interpellation into this ideology of nationalism by following the advice of W. J. T. Mitchell, who asks, "What does this picture ____________?" rather than "What does it ____________?"

A) evoke; want
B) want; say
C) say; evoke
D) want; do

Question 13

Kitsch objects used to commemorate traumatic events run the risk of ____________.

A) repackaging history to make it feel less oppressive
B) prepackaging national sentiment without any indication of the political complexity of surrounding those events.
C) conserving historical meanings about taste and value of a certain era
D) erasing the ways in which specific communities and individuals have interpreted popular texts to strengthen their bonds or challenge oppression

Question 14

A pastel version of Edvard Munch's painting The Scream (1895) sold at auction for a record-breaking $119.9 million, value based on not just the artwork but also its provenance and related designations of authenticity. This exemplifies the importance of the ____________ in making meaning.

A) death of the author
B) connoisseur
C) prosumer
D) producer function

Question 15

In a 1939 essay, Clement Greenberg argued that avant-garde art, as opposed to kitsch, is serious, high modernist, and nonobjective, requiring the viewer's active, reflective, and educated engagement. A number of works complicate simple distinctions, however, between what is art and what is kitsch. Which of the following makes these two categories seem less clear while rejecting elitist notions of the avant-garde?

A) Koons, Puppy, a sculpture of a massive dog made entirely of flowering plants (1992)
B) David Teniers the Younger, Archduke Leopold Wilhelm in His Picture Gallery in Brussels (c. 1650-51)
C) Edvard Munch, The Scream (1895)
D) Paul Gauguin, Nafea faa ipoipo (When Will You Marry?) (1892)

Question 16

African-American artist Kara Walker creates large, black-and-white silhouettes that depict black people as age old racist stereotypes. This tactic is part of Walker's ____________ of meaning to address the unequal power relations that exist between those who produce dominant popular culture and those who consume it.

A) aestheticization
B) negotiation
C) prosumption
D) fetishization

Question 17

In early January 2017, "appropriation artist" Richard Prince sent back the $36,000 he received for a painting of Ivanka Trump, a portrait he based on an Instagram shot of her. He coupled this with a tweet stating, "This is not my work. I did not make it. I deny. I denounce. This fake art." In addition to making a political point, by disavowing ownership of an image that he had created and had already sold, Prince raises controversial legal questions about moral rights, practiced in some other countries, and ____________, practiced in the United States

A) producer function
B) textual poaching
C) copyright law
D) author function

Question 18

Which of the following would be least valued in James Clifford's Art-Culture System?

A) an original Picasso signed by the artist
B) a mass reproduced copy of the Mona Lisa
C) an ethnographic painting of West-African culture signed by the artist
D) a fake Monet that passed as an original

Question 19

A subculture of Chicano/as and Mexican Americans popular in the 1940s, Pachuco/as defined themselves by their excessively large and flamboyant outfits, a flamboyance also on display in lowrider culture. If, as stated by Dick Hebdige, signifying practices are always political, what does this element of Pachuco/as culture signify about the history of being Mexican American in the United States?

A) The celebration of Mexican American culture has always been encouraged by hegemonic culture.
B) Mexican Americans have always been naturally drawn to excess.
C) Mexican American culture is now mostly accepted throughout the United States.
D) Mexican Americans continue to resist the hegemonic expectation that they hide rather than celebrate their cultural identity.

Question 20

The Guerrilla Girls is a group of anonymous, female artists who produce work that highlights the lack of female artists represented in major museums and galleries. In their Do Women Have To Be Naked To Get Into The Met. Museum? (1989), the title is printed above the statement "Less than 5% of the artists in the Modern Art Sections are women, but 85% of the nudes are female." To the left of the text is a reproduction of Jean Auguste Dominigue Ingres's Grande Odalisque, in which a nude woman is reclining on a bed. An angry gorilla head is printed over the subject's face. The use of appropriation in this piece most closely parallels which other artwork?

A) Marcel Duchamp, Fountain (1964)
B) Gran Fury, Read My Lips (girls) (1988)
C) Mariana Wardwell, Herejias y Nombres Secretos (2011)
D) HOWDOYOUSAYYAMINAFRICAN?, Good Stock on the Dimension Floor: An Opera (2014)

Question 21

What is the traditional meaning of the term "interpellation"?

Question 22

How has the study of aesthetics shifted focus since the early twentieth century?

Question 23

According to Roland Barthes, how is the author "dead"?

Question 24

What is a current financial trend in the global art market?

Question 25

How does Gordon Parks's American Gothic, Washington, D.C. use appropriation to convey its political message?

Question 26

Describe Marx's original conceptualization of ideology and the two significant alterations to it described in the book.