Deck 15: Mental Health and Psychopathology

Question 1

Psychopathology is the study of:

A) psychosis
B) personality disorders
C) heritability
D) mental health problems

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following is a mental health problem?

A) Anxiety
B) Depression
C) Narcissistic personality disorder
D) All of the above

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following aspects is common to all mental health problems?

A) Significant distress
B) Mood swings
C) Reduced memory
D) Attentional bias

Answer 3

A

Question 4

According to the World Health Organization (2008) report, what condition appears as the single largest cause of disability?

A) Cancer
B) Mental health problems
C) Obesity
D) Cardiovascular disease

Question 5

According to the Office for National Statistics Psychiatry Morbidity Report (2001), how many people in the UK will experience a diagnosable mental health problem every year?

A) 5%
B) 15%
C) 25%
D) 45%

Question 6

According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2011), appoximately ___________ of the population report having had serious thoughts of suicide in the prior 12 months.

A) 1%
B) 4%
C) 7%
D) 11%

Question 7

In most developed countries around one in five people has a diagnosable mental health problem at any one time.

Question 8

Psychoses are among the most prevalent mental health problems compared to problems such as mood disorders and anxiety.

Question 9

___________ are the single largest cause of disability, contributing up to 22.8% of the total burden. For example, ___________ alone accounts for 7% of the disease burden according to the World ___________ Organization (2008).

Question 10

___________ is the study of mental health problems.

Question 11

Changes in __________ are some of the first symptoms that are noticed in many forms of psychopathology.

A) appetite
B) mood
C) personality
D) physical appearance

Question 12

Which of the following terms is now considered as inappropriate to describe people suffering from a mental health problem?

A) Insane
B) Mad
C) Crazy
D) All of the above

Question 13

In the past, people exhibiting symptoms of psychopathology were often described as being '___________'.

A) possessed
B) acting
C) special
D) amusing

Question 14

Which practice diffused in ancient civilizations, such as those in Egypt, China, and Greece, believed that those exhibiting symptoms of psychopathology were possessed by bad spirits?

Question 15

What did the most diffused practices for exorcising the bad spirits in ancient civilizations consist of?

Question 16

Understanding the biological causes of mental health problems allowed for the conception of 'madness' to move slowly towards treating it as a(n) __________.

Question 17

The __________ model of psychopathology introduced scientific thinking into our attempts to understand psychopathology.

Question 18

What are the two main aims of the medical model applied to the study of psychopathology?

Question 19

Which branch of medicine is involved in the study and treatment of mental illness, emotional disturbance, and abnormal behaviour, based on the medical model of psychopathology?

Question 20

Describe the implications of the medical model of psychopathology for the way we conceive mental health problems.

Question 21

A(n) ____________ is a statistical concept representing the combined responses of a representative group, against which a subject is compared.

Question 22

In the area of intellectual disabilities, a(n) __________ score significantly below the norm of _________ has been used as a criterion for diagnosing intellectual disability.

Question 23

An IQ score of 70 is more common than an IQ score of 110.

Question 24

Deviation from the norm necessarily implies psychopathology.

Question 25

According to your textbook, which of the following mental health problems is an example of learning disability?

A) Dyslexia
B) Autism Spectrum Disorder
C) Foetal alcohol syndrome
D) All of the above

Question 26

Which of the following conditions is characterized by slow reading, omissions or substitutions of words, poor comprehension and difficulty with written tasks?

A) Autism Spectrum Disorder
B) Dyslexia
C) Down syndrome
D) ADHD

Question 27

Which of the following methods of definition of psychopathology is increasingly considered as the most viable?

A) Defining psychopathology in terms of degree of distress expressed by the sufferer.
B) Defining psychopathology in terms of degree of distress expressed by the sufferer's family and friends.
C) Defining psychopathology in terms of deviation from social norms.
D) Defining psychopathology in terms of deviation from statistical norms.

Question 28

There is often a tendency to label a behaviour indicative of a mental health problem in terms of deviation from _________ norms.

A) statistical
B) social
C) cultural
D) all of the above

Question 29

IQ scores can be represented as a(n) __________ distribution curve.

Question 30

Only 2.27% of the population have an IQ score __________ than 132 points.

Question 31

What type of processes make up our conception of the complete thinking and behaving human being?

A) Genetic
B) Psychological
C) Biological
D) All of the above

Question 32

Symptoms of mental health problems might be explained:

A) genetically
B) psychologically
C) behaviourally
D) all of the above

Question 33

What are the most important biological paradigms to understand psychopathology?

A) Genetics and chemistry
B) Genetics and epigenetics
C) Neuroscience and epigenetics
D) Neuroscience and genetics

Question 34

The __________ model of psychopathology posits that mental health problems stem from an interaction between a genetic predisposition and our interactions with the environment.

A) genetic
B) neuroscientific
C) diathesis-stress
D) epigenetic

Question 35

In the diathesis-stress model, what does 'diathesis' refer to?

A) Specific experiences that may trigger an inherited predisposition.
B) A combination of inherited predisposition and life experiences.
C) An inherited predisposition.
D) A measure of the extent to which symptoms can be accounted for by genetic factors.

Question 36

Which of the following terms refers to the measure of the degree to which symptoms can be accounted for by genetic factors?

A) Heredity
B) Heritability
C) Inheritance
D) Genetics

Question 37

Heritability can range from _______ to _______.

A) 0; 1
B) -1; 1
C) 0; 100
D) 0; 10

Question 38

Symptom A has a heritability of 0.23, while symptom B has a heritability of 0.48. Which of the following statements provides an accurate interpretation of these data?

A) Genetic factors are more important in explaining symptom A rather than symptom B.
B) Genetic factors are more important in explaining symptom B rather than symptom A.
C) Genetic factors are equally important in explaining both symptoms.
D) Genetic factors do not play a role in influencing symptom A.

Question 39

__________ looks at how early experiences can trigger or inhibit the expression of certain genes.

A) Psychiatry
B) Genetics
C) Epigenetics
D) Neuroscience

Question 40

Which of the following paradigms seeks to understand psychopathology in terms of brain structure and function?

A) Neurology
B) Neuroscience
C) Neuroendocrinology
D) Neuropathology

Question 41

What is the function of the neuroendocrine system?

A) Producing hormone secretions in the body.
B) Regulating body temperature.
C) Regulating executive functions such as planning and decision making.
D) Inhibiting impulsive behaviour.

Question 42

What is the main function of the frontal lobes?

A) Vision
B) Somatosensation
C) Motor control
D) Executive functions

Question 43

Deficits in the _________ lobes can lead to lack of inhibition, euphoria, and aggressive behaviour.

A) occipital
B) temporal
C) frontal
D) parietal

Question 44

___________ and ___________ are the most important biological paradigms to understand psychopathology.

Question 45

The __________ model proposes that a mental health problems develops because of an interaction between a genetic predisposition and a variety of experiences that may trigger this inherited predisposition.

Question 46

___________ refers to the proportion of variance in a symptom that can be attributed by genes.

Question 47

What is the main focus of interest of the neuroscience paradigm in its attempt to understand the causes of psychopathology?

Question 48

Which psychological model was first formulated by Sigmund Freud?

Question 49

The temporal lobes are important in functions such as planning and decision making, inhibition, and error correction.

Question 50

Heritability measures the proportion of a trait caused by genes.

Question 51

Which of the following pairs consists of a CORRECT association of a psychodynamic force with its definition?

A) Id - rational thinking
B) Ego - moral standards
C) Id - instinctual needs
D) Superego - rational thinking

Question 52

Which of the following forces is sexual activity driven by?

A) Ego
B) Id
C) Superego
D) Conscious

Question 53

According to Freud, psychological health is maintained when:

A) the id's needs are satisfied.
B) the ego exerts a control over the id.
C) id, ego, and superego are in balance.
D) the superego's moral standards are respected.

Question 54

Which of the following forces represents our attempts to integrate values that we learn from our parents or society?

A) Id
B) Ego
C) Superego
D) None of the above

Question 55

Which of the following defence mechanisms consists of ascribing unwanted impulses to someone else?

A) Displacement
B) Repression
C) Denial
D) Projection

Question 56

Which of the following Freudian defense mechanisms functions to reduce the amount of stress or conflict caused by specific experiences?

A) Denial
B) Regression
C) Repression
D) All of the above

Question 57

_________ refers to the attempt of transforming impulses into something constructive, such as baking when feeling sad or angry.

A) Rationalization
B) Sublimation
C) Projection
D) Displacement

Question 58

According to Freud, what do people develop in order to control internal conflicts and reduce stress caused by external events?

Question 59

What are the psychodynamic forces that shape an individual's personality and may also generate psychopathology when not in balance?

Question 60

Name three Freudian defence mechanisms.

Question 61

The defence mechanism of ___________ consists of suppressing bad memories or current thoughts that cause ___________.

Question 62

According to Freud, the ___________ corresponds to instinctual needs, especially sexual needs.

Question 63

Psychoanalysis is the most widely adopted current psychological model of psychopathology.

Question 64

Repression, projection, and rationalization are all different types of Freudian defence mechanisms.

Question 65

Which of the following theorists is associated to the cognitive model of psychopathology?

A) Ellis
B) Freud
C) Watson
D) Rogers

Question 66

What famous experiment by Watson and Rayner (1920) demonstrated the acquisition of a phobia using classical conditioning?

A) The dog and the bell experiment
B) The Little Albert experiment
C) The Bobo doll experiment
D) None of the above

Question 67

What are the two most famous behavioural treatment methods?

Question 68

What are the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus in the 'Little Albert' study by Watson and Rayner (1920)?

Question 69

According to the behavioural approach, psychopathology is the result of 'faulty learning' obtained through processes of either ___________ or ____________.

Question 70

'Little Albert' is an example of a ___________ conditioning study.

Question 71

Describe the diathesis-stress model of psychopathology.

Question 72

The aim of the humanistic-existentialist approach is to resolve psychological problems through insight, personal development, and self-actualization.

Question 73

In a client-centred therapy, the therapist uses empathy and unconditional positive regard to create a supportive climate in which the client is helped to acquire positive self-worth.

Question 74

The effectiveness of therapies based on the humanistic approach is easy to evaluate using empirical methodologies.

Question 75

According to the cognitive model, if a client reports dysfunctional thoughts such as "I am worthless", "I will never be able to find happiness in my life", they are more likely to suffer from:

A) anxiety
B) depression
C) anti-social personality disorder
D) social phobia

Question 76

Who developed the 'client-centred therapy'?

A) Freud
B) Ellis
C) Watson
D) Rogers

Question 77

When was the first system for classifying psychopathology developed?

A) 1930s
B) 1950s
C) 1970s
D) 1990s

Question 78

Which of the following are important defining characteristics of a mental health problem according to the DSM?

A) Delusions and dissociation
B) Distress and disability
C) Distress and delusions
D) Disability and depression

Question 79

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) is published by the __________.

A) American Psychological Association
B) American Psychiatric Association
C) World Health Organization
D) United Nations

Question 80

Which of the following is a chapter in the DSM-5?

A) Personality Disorders
B) Anxiety Disorders
C) Elimination Disorders
D) All of the above