Deck 14: Personality

Question 1

Personality psychology is also known as the psychology of:

A) persons
B) personalities
C) personhood
D) all of the above

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Personality psychology is also referred to as psychology of:

A) affects
B) social interactions
C) individual differences
D) traits

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Personality researchers are before all else ___________.

A) psychologists
B) theorists
C) philosophers
D) psychoanalysts

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Personality psychologists use ____________ to develop their theories.

A) anecdotes
B) empirical data
C) common sense
D) abstract ideas

Question 5

A theory is scientifically successful if:

A) it's supported by empirical data
B) it's supported by many experts in the scientific community
C) it captures and describes well what goes on in the world
D) all of the above

Question 6

Many descriptions of people's personalities are:

A) relative
B) conditional
C) relative and conditional
D) absolute

Question 7

People's personalities are understood in comparison to alternative ways of being. This is why descriptions of personalities are said to be:

A) absolute
B) abstract
C) conditional
D) relative

Question 8

People's personality traits emerge depending on particular situations or contexts. Therefore, many descriptions of personality are said to be:

A) absolute
B) abstract
C) conditional
D) relative

Question 9

Which branch of psychology is also known as the psychology of persons, personalities, and personhood?

Question 10

According to your textbook, what are the three main factors that contribute in making a theory scientifically successful?

Question 11

Personality psychology is also known as 'the psychology of ___________, personalities, and personhood', or 'the psychology of ___________ differences'.

Question 12

Many descriptions of personalities are __________, given that personality traits make sense when they are understood in comparison to alternative ways of being.

Question 13

People's personalities are ___________ as they depend on particular situations or conditions.

Question 14

Personality's descriptions provide a better prediction and control of future behaviour compared to personality's explanations.

Question 15

The same latent characteristic can give rise to different manifest behaviours.

Question 16

Different manifest behaviours must stem from different latent characteristics.

Question 17

Endurance is a crucial requirement for a personality characteristic.

Question 18

What is a 'latent characteristic'?

Question 19

Which diagnosis was given by Freud to those patients who displayed strange involuntary behaviours with no apparent physical reason?

Question 20

The different levels of consciousness proposed by Freud were summarized using his metaphorical _____________ model.

Question 21

The levels of consciousness, according to Freud, are: ___________, ___________, and ___________.

Question 22

Freud was fascinated by ___________, a diagnosis that was given to people who engaged in strange behaviour, sometimes without even noticing, in the absence of a manifest physical cause.

A) psychosis
B) hysteria
C) mania
D) hypnosis

Question 23

Which of the following theorists is associated with the development of the psychodynamic theory of personality?

A) Rogers
B) Eysenck
C) Freud
D) Maslow

Question 24

Which metaphorical model of the various levels of consciousness is associated with Sigmund Freud?

A) Topographical
B) Dynamic
C) Concentric
D) Pyramidal

Question 25

Which of the following items is not a level of consciousness according to Freud's psychodynamic theory?

A) Conscious
B) Unconscious
C) Preconscious
D) Metaconscious

Question 26

The accessible content of consciousness corresponds to the:

A) preconscious
B) conscious
C) unconscious
D) subconscious

Question 27

The knowledge in the ___________ can easily be brought to awareness, although is not currently there.

A) preconscious
B) conscious
C) unconscious
D) subconscious

Question 28

Which of the following human behavioural inclinations is part of the death instincts?

A) Violence
B) Aggression
C) Destruction
D) All of the above

Question 29

According to Erikson's psychosocial stages, which negative outcome may emerge as a result of the child failing to positively solve the psychosocial crisis in the play age (i.e. 3-6 years)?

A) Shame
B) Isolation
C) Guilt
D) Mistrust

Question 30

According to Erikson's theory there are ___________ psychosocial stages throughout the lifespan.

A) 4
B) 6
C) 8
D) 10

Question 31

With reference to Erikson's psychosocial stages, the antithetic outcomes that can arise from a crisis in young adulthood are ____________ and ____________.

A) trust; mistrust
B) industry; inferiority
C) generativity; stagnation
D) intimacy; isolation

Question 32

Mary is preparing for an important interview. She receives a last-minute invitation to a party. Eventually, she decides to meet her friends and go to the party despite she knows that the best option would be that of staying home and resting before the interview. The part of the personality that most influenced her decision is the:

A) unconscious
B) ego
C) id
D) superego

Question 33

Stephanie snooped through her boyfriend's phone because she thought he was cheating on her. She didn't find anything suspicious and wished she hadn't done it. Now, Stephanie is having trouble sleeping. Which part of the personality is keeping Stephanie awake?

A) Id
B) Ego
C) Superego
D) It's hard to say, since the behaviour is unconscious

Question 34

The unconscious is the deepest level of the mind.

Question 35

The id is __________-seeking and therefore impatient, irrational and intolerant.

Question 36

What defense mechanism consists of refusing to acknowledge reality?

Question 37

What phenomenon describes the tendency to seek relief from a stressful situation by using strategies that used to bring comfort at an earlier stage of development?

Question 38

Name at least three behaviours associated with oral pessimism.

Question 39

People with resilient egos are able to respond flexibly to new and challenging circumstances. People with less resilient egos tend to be either ____________ (i.e. dominated by their superego's excessive expectations), or _____________ (i.e. dominated by their id's unchecked impulsivity).

Question 40

The __________ is a measure of the authoritarian personality. For example, ________ scores on this scale are associated to people who are highly respectful of authority and hostile to anyone who is not.

Question 41

Which of the following psychologists/theorists is associated with the trait personality theory?

A) Freud
B) Eysenck
C) Rogers
D) Maslow

Question 42

___________ describes regularity of behaviour across time.

A) Consistency
B) Generality
C) Universality
D) Dimensionality

Question 43

___________ describes regularity of behaviour across different situations.

A) Consistency
B) Generality
C) Universality
D) Dimensionality

Question 44

On most traits most people obtain scores that fall in the _____________ of the score distribution.

A) lower extreme
B) middle
C) higher extreme
D) mid-high range

Question 45

Traits describe _____________ in people's behaviour.

A) anomalies
B) irregularities
C) regularities
D) idiosyncrasies

Question 46

Which of the following dimensions is part of Eysenck's Big Two model of personality?

A) Emotional stability vs. neuroticism
B) Openness vs. closeness
C) Honesty vs. dishonesty
D) Rationality vs. irrationality

Question 47

According to Eysenck's Big Two model, a person who is impulsive tends to:

A) score high on 'introversion' and high on 'neuroticism'.
B) score high on 'extraversion' and somewhat high on 'neuroticism'.
C) score high on 'extraversion' and low on 'neuroticism'.
D) score high on 'introversion' and somewhat low on 'neuroticism'.

Question 48

Julia is moderately introverted and emotionally stable. According to Eysenck's Big Two model, Julia is very likely to be a(n) ___________ person.

A) anxious
B) moody
C) aggressive
D) reliable

Question 49

According to Eysenck's Big Two model, 'optimistic', 'active', and 'outgoing' are all characteristics associated with high scores on ____________.

A) neuroticism
B) introversion
C) extraversion
D) emotional stability

Question 50

According to Eysenck's Big Two model, 'calm', 'reliable', and 'leader-like' are all characteristics associated with high scores on ____________.

A) neuroticism
B) introversion
C) extraversion
D) emotional stability

Question 51

Manifest traits can vary in their ___________ and in their ____________, depending on the extent to which they describe regularities of behaviour across time and different situations, respectively.

Question 52

Manifest trait scores are dimensional and indicate ___________ differences.

Question 53

What are the two independent dimensions of Eysenck's Big Two model?

Question 54

What additional dimension was added in the Big Three model by Eysenck and Eysenck (1976) which did not feature in the previous model?

Question 55

How is Eysenck and Eysenck's (1976) Big Three model also called?

Question 56

The extremes of the three traits in the Big Three model are psychoticism, extraversion, and agreeableness.

Question 57

The FFM by Costa and McCrae identifies four big personality dimensions.

Question 58

Describe Eysenck's three factors of personality described in the PEN model.

Question 59

How are specific traits encompassed by the big factors often called?

A) Facets
B) Minor traits
C) Components
D) Features

Question 60

Trust, altruism, compliance, and modesty are all facets of:

A) neuroticism
B) extraversion
C) agreeableness
D) conscientiousness

Question 61

How many factors compose the HEXACO model of personality?

A) 3
B) 5
C) 6
D) None of the above

Question 62

In the HEXACO model of personality which of the FFM traits is split into two additional components?

A) Openness
B) Conscientiousness
C) Extraversion
D) Agreeableness

Question 63

In the HEXACO model, the letter E stands for:

A) extraversion
B) emotionality
C) excitability
D) experience

Question 64

According to DeYoung, Quilty, and Peterson (2007), which trait of the FFM could be split into 'politeness' and 'compassion'?

A) Extraversion
B) Openness
C) Agreeableness
D) Neuroticism

Question 65

According to DeYoung, Quilty, and Peterson (2007), the trait conscientiousness can be split into ____________ and ___________.

Question 66

In the six-trait HEXACO model of personality, the letter 'X' stands for ___________.

Question 67

What are the six traits described in the HEXACO model?

Question 68

Name one big limitation and one big advantage of models of personality with larger numbers of traits.

Question 69

If a person is highly extroverted then she/he will always be extroverted across a range of situations.

Question 70

Personality traits are good predictors of people's behaviour.

Question 71

Discuss how behavioural signatures reverse a trend in trait research.

Question 72

Which of the following r coefficients represents the highest behavioural consistency?

A) 0.86
B) 0.11
C) 0.48
D) 0.96

Question 73

Which of the following traits can only be used to describe chimpanzees' behaviour, but not other animals' behaviour according to Gosling and John (1999)?

A) Openness
B) Conscientiousness
C) Extraversion
D) Neuroticism

Question 74

"Different causes can have different effects", this is also known as the principle of:

A) latency
B) underdetermination
C) equifinality
D) consilience

Question 75

Which category of people did Oliner and Oliner (1992) study that led to the development of a theory on the altruistic personality?

A) Religious leaders
B) Rescuers of Jews during World War II
C) People involved in voluntary work
D) Nurses

Question 76

Forty years after the war, past rescuers relative to past bystanders:

A) had stronger family attachments
B) had fewer Jewish friends
C) had fewer social commitments
D) were less likely to take responsibility for their actions

Question 77

According to Oliner and Oliner (1992), rescuers' enduring predisposition to act selflessly on behalf of others develops:

A) in adulthood
B) late in life
C) during adolescence
D) early in life

Question 78

Which of the following theoretical frameworks posits that most behaviours result from the interplay of many causal factors?

A) Situationism
B) Interactionism
C) Nativism
D) Empiricism

Question 79

Contemporary trait models give little guidance about healthy development.

Question 80

According to the humanistic personality theory, people are creatures full of positive potential.