Deck 13: Post-War Reform and New Challenges

Question 1

Why was the Navy suspicious of the appointment of Secretary of Defense Louis A. Johnson?

A) He had no connection with the Navy, but served in the Army and possessed pro-Air Force opinions.
B) He had vilified the Navy when a member of the Army officer corps.
C) He had never served in the American military and was a pacifist during the first world war.
D) He was labeled as too dictatorial by all the service chiefs.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Why did the admirals revolt against Secretary of Defense Louis A. Johnson?

A) his cancellation of construction of the carrier U.S.S. United States
B) his support for the Air Force purchase of thirty-six B-36 bombers
C) his accusations of communism among top Navy leadership
D) his acceptance of Navy Secretary John L. Sullivan's resignation

Answer 2

A

Question 3

What officially desegregated the armed forces of the United States?

A) Executive Order 9981
B) Then Civil Rights Act of 1964
C) Fourteenth Amendment
D) Plessey v. Ferguson

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The Women in Military Service Act provided for all of the following practices EXCEPT

A) they could serve in combat.
B) women could remain in the military in peacetime.
C) they were restricted to 2 percent of the authorized manpower of the service.
D) they could be discharged for cause at any time.

Question 5

Why was George Kennan's "The Sources of Soviet Conduct" a prominent article in shaping American diplomacy?

A) It essentially set out the motives for U.S. involvement in the Cold War.
B) It advocated waging war against the Soviet Union.
C) It stated that the United States should break its alliance with Great Britain.
D) It warned against contesting Soviet power.

Question 6

How did the United States react when the Soviet Union attempted to cut off supplies to the West Berlin in 1948?

A) President Truman ordered the Berlin Airlift which provided necessities via military planes.
B) The U.S. closed the Suez Canal to divert resources away from the Eastern Hemisphere.
C) The Congress passed the European Recovery Act.
D) President Truman ordered American troops into West Berlin to distribute food and medicinal aid.

Question 7

At the end of World War II, at which parallel were the Koreas divided?

A) 17th
B) 12th
C) 38th
D) 40th

Question 8

Why did the United States back Syngman Rhee as the leader of the Democratic Republic of Korea?

A) He was educated in the United States and expressed Western views.
B) He had defeated Mao Tse Tung in an earlier conflict.
C) He was the estranged brother of Kim Il Sung.
D) He had refused to pander to Chiang Kai-shek's authority during World War II.

Question 9

Who was the Commander of the United Nations forces in Korea until 1951?

A) Douglas MacArthur
B) Charles B. Smith
C) Don Faith
D) Matthew B. Ridgway

Question 10

What was the code name for the Inchon landings?

A) Operation CHROMITE
B) Operation KILLER
C) Operation RIPPER
D) Operation DRAGONFLY

Question 11

Which of the following statements best describes how the Chinese intervention in was met by MacArthur in November of 1950?

A) completely off guard
B) well prepared as he had been expecting it
C) prepared for the attack, but not its size
D) generally prepared, with a few local lapses that were not his fault

Question 12

How did General Ridgway attempt to stem the tide of the Chinese advance in January of 1951?

A) He ordered a general counterattack on Chinese and North Korean units.
B) He ordered the mining of much of South Korea.
C) He believed that limited offensives would be successful.
D) He utilized heavy air strikes against Chinese formations.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the Chinese Spring Offensive?

A) blunted against stiffening U.N. defenses
B) generally successful, inflicting heavy casualties on U.N. formations
C) a complete debacle with many units running from the front
D) moderately successful

Question 14

What were the two most significant obstacles to a negotiated end to the Korean Conflict?

A) the precise location of the border and repatriation of prisoners of war
B) the final border and trade between the two states
C) the official languages of each state and their national anthems
D) status of civilians interred by both sides and control of natural resources

Question 15

How did inter-service rivalries lead to the passage of the National Defense Act of 1947? What were the positions of the Army? Of the Navy? How are they represented in the final version of the act?

Question 16

What factors combined in Truman's decision to desegregate the armed forces? How was Executive Order 9981 received by the military leadership? By the civilian populace?

Question 17

How did the Allied cooperation begin to disintegrate in the closing months of the war? What pressures drove apart the U.S. and U.S.S.R.?

Question 18

How did George Kennan's Long Telegram and later article, "The Sources of Soviet Conduct," describe the strategic climate? What actions did Kennan recommend? Were these implemented? Why or why not?

Question 19

Who were the key figures on both sides of the divided Korea? What were their agendas? Was there any chance of a negotiated solution?

Question 20

Why were initial U.N. responses to the Korea crisis inadequate?

Question 21

What were MacArthur's goals for the offensive at Inchon? Were these met? Why or why not?

Question 22

Why did Mao's China intervene in the Korean conflict? Was this in keeping with Stalin's hopes?

Question 23

What factors determined Truman on seeking a negotiated end to the Korean conflict? How did MacArthur add to the difficulties of this approach?

Question 24

Describe the character of combat during the period between July 1951 and July 1953. Why was it so bitter?