Question 1

Multi-criteria analysis (MCA) with GIS involves&#10;A) selecting a set of criteria&#10;B) scoring alternatives against the criteria and generating criterion score maps&#10;C) standardising the criterion score maps&#10;D) assigning weights to the criteria&#10;E) all the above

Accepted Answer

Multi-criteria analysis (MCA) with GIS involves selecting a set of criteria, scoring alternatives against the criteria and generating criterion score maps, standardising the criterion score maps, and assigning weights to the criteria. Therefore, all the above options are involved in MCA with GIS.

Question 2

In MCA, weights represent&#10;A) value judgements of the relative importance of the criteria&#10;B) value judgements of the relative performance of the alternatives&#10;C) scientific measurements of the relative importance of the criteria&#10;D) scientific measurements of the relative performance of the alternatives

Accepted Answer

In MCA, weights represent value judgements of the relative importance of the criteria. The weights assigned to each criterion are based on the judgment of the decision-maker or the stakeholders involved in the decision-making process. These judgments are usually subjective and based on the decision-maker's preferences and priorities. Hence, it is crucial to clearly communicate and justify the weight assigned to each criterion in the decision-making process.

Question 3

In MCA, scores (or ratings) represent&#10;A) social preferences of alternatives&#10;B) social preferences of criteria&#10;C) performance of alternatives in relation to criteria&#10;D) performance of criteria determined based on facts and scientific evidence

Accepted Answer

MCA is a method of decision making that evaluates and compares alternatives based on multiple criteria. The scores or ratings assigned to each alternative represent their performance in relation to each criterion. Therefore, the correct choice is C. Choices A, B, and D are not accurate descriptions of what MCA scores represent.

Question 4

Standardisation in MCA is necessary because&#10;A) MCA integrates different views for multiple stakeholders&#10;B) different criteria may have different importance&#10;C) different criteria may use different measurement scales or units&#10;D) different alternatives are at different locations, which may have different environmental conditions

Accepted Answer

Standardisation in MCA is necessary because different criteria may use different measurement scales or units, and standardisation creates a common scale for comparison.

Question 5

For selection of a site for nuclear waste disposal using MCA, we use the proximity to highly populated areas as one of the criteria. The proximity is measured in terms of distance. Suppose x_min is the shortest distance from the proposed disposal sites to the highly populated areas in the study area, x_max is the longest distance from the proposed disposal sites to the highly populated areas, and x_i is the shortest distance from the proposed disposal site i to the highly populated areas. Using the score range procedure, which of the following equations should you use to standardise the criterion scores?

A)

<strong>For selection of a site for nuclear waste disposal using MCA, we use the proximity to highly populated areas as one of the criteria. The proximity is measured in terms of distance. Suppose x<sub>min</sub> is the shortest distance from the proposed disposal sites to the highly populated areas in the study area, x<sub>max</sub> is the longest distance from the proposed disposal sites to the highly populated areas, and x<sub>i</sub> is the shortest distance from the proposed disposal site i to the highly populated areas. Using the score range procedure, which of the following equations should you use to standardise the criterion scores?</strong> A) B) C) D) <div style=padding-top: 35px>

B)

C)

D)

Accepted Answer

The score range procedure standardises the criterion scores by subtracting the minimum value from each value and then dividing the result by the range of the values. In this case, the minimum value is x_min and the range is x_max - x_min. Therefore, the correct equation is:$\text { Score }_{i}=\frac{x_{i}-x_{\min }}{x_{\max }-x_{\min }}$

Question 6

One of the roles of GIS in MCA is to&#10;A) assign weights&#10;B) select criteria&#10;C) select alternatives&#10;D) combine criterion maps

Accepted Answer

GIS can be used to combine the various criterion maps with different weights and generate a final suitability map. Therefore, the role of GIS in MCA is to combine criterion maps.

Question 7

What are the core functions of GIS for implementing cellular automata (CA)?&#10;A) local functions and conditional operators in map algebra&#10;B) focal functions and conditional operators in map algebra&#10;C) zonal functions and conditional operators in map algebra&#10;D) global functions and conditional operators in map algebra

Accepted Answer

The core functions of GIS for implementing cellular automata (CA) are focal functions and conditional operators in map algebra. Focal functions consider the values of neighboring cells and apply the specified operator, which is essential for CA to simulate the spatial pattern changes over time. Conditional operators evaluate logical conditions and modify cell values based on the criteria, which are important for specifying the rules or transition functions of CA. Local, zonal, and global functions may also be useful in some cases, but they are not the core functions for CA implementation.

Question 8

A CA is defined in terms of&#10;A) an n-dimensional grid of cells and states of each cell&#10;B) neighbourhood&#10;C) transition rules&#10;D) all of the above

Accepted Answer

A Cellular Automaton (CA) is defined in terms of an n-dimensional grid of cells and the states of each cell, its neighbourhood, and the transition rules that determine how the cells change states over time. Therefore, all of the given options are included in the definition of a CA.

Question 9

In agent-based modelling, agents typically perform actions simultaneously at constant time steps.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In agent-based modelling, agents typically perform actions...

Question 10

Weights-of-evidence is based on&#10;A) statistical weights of evidence&#10;B) analyst-assigned weights of evidence&#10;C) persuasiveness of evidence&#10;D) believability of evidence

Accepted Answer

Weights-of-evidence is a quantitative method based on statistical weights of evidence, which are calculated from the data itself rather than being assigned by an analyst or based on the persuasiveness or believability of the evidence.

Question 11

An artificial neural network (ANN) is&#10;A) a linear model that is fit to data&#10;B) a nonlinear model that is fit to data&#10;C) a linear model that learns to perform a function from data&#10;D) a nonlinear model that learns to perform a function from data

Accepted Answer

The answer of An artificial neural network (ANN) is&#10;A) a...

Deck 9: Spatial Modeling and Decision Analysis