Deck 6: Exercise Epidemiology

Question 1

Some of the early studies in exercise epidemiology were conducted on which group of individuals?

A) Railroad workers, bus conductors, and dock workers
B) Adolescents
C) Elderly individuals
D) Elite athletes

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which Swiss pharmacologist advocated gymnastics for improving digestion, strengthening the heart and joints, and improving the circulation of blood in the lungs?

A) Thomas K. Cureton
B) Joseph Duchesne
C) Edward Hitchcock Jr.
D) Dudley Sargent

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The first research studies in exercise epidemiology focused on which of the following?

A) Type 2 diabetes
B) Cancer
C) The relationship between coronary heart disease and physical activity
D) The relationship between osteoporosis and physical activity

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which disease accounts for approximately 20 percent of all deaths each year worldwide?

A) Cancer
B) Diabetes
C) Osteoporosis
D) Cardiovascular disease

Question 5

A condition characterized by loss or impairment of bodily function resulting from injury or death of brain cells after insufficient blood supply is known as what?

A) Heart attack
B) Headache
C) Stroke
D) Cerebrovascular disease

Question 6

Which factor is by far the most important in determining blood pressure?

A) Vessel diameter
B) Blood viscosity
C) Total blood volume
D) Sodium content in the blood

Question 7

When does Type 1 diabetes usually develop?

A) Before birth
B) After the age of 60 years
C) During adulthood
D) During childhood

Question 8

Which of the following is bone loss caused by another disease that is independent of age or menopause?

A) Secondary osteoporosis
B) Frail bone syndrome
C) Primary osteoporosis
D) Cancer

Question 9

Which of the following is one of the most common mental health problems?

A) Depression
B) Sleep apnea
C) Anxiety
D) Dyslexia

Question 10

The frequency or number of events that occur over a defined time period, divided by the average size of the population at risk, is known as what?

A) A cross-sectional survey
B) A case-control study
C) An incidence rate
D) A prospective cohort study

Question 11

Which type of study measures risk factors and the presence or absence of a disease at the same time?

A) A cross-sectional survey
B) A case-control study
C) An incidence rate
D) A prospective cohort study

Question 12

Which type of study selects subjects based on the presence of the disease being investigated and then matches them with control subjects who do not have the disease?

A) A cross-sectional survey
B) A case-control study
C) An incidence rate
D) A prospective cohort study

Question 13

Which type of study involves randomly selecting subjects from a defined population, collecting baseline information regarding potential risk factors for the disease of interest, and then following the subjects over a period of time to track the incidence of the disease?

A) A cross-sectional survey
B) A case-control study
C) An incidence rate
D) A prospective cohort study

Question 14

Which type of study is considered to be the gold standard for testing a research hypothesis?

A) A cross-sectional survey
B) A case-control study
C) A randomized controlled trial
D) A prospective cohort study

Question 15

Which of the following is a technique that involves conducting the same survey in a population every year for an extended time period to measure trends in physical activity?

A) A survey
B) A surveillance system
C) A randomized controlled trial
D) An incidence rate

Question 16

Until recently, most professionals in exercise epidemiology were employed in what setting?

A) A college or university setting
B) A hospital
C) A YMCA
D) A government agency

Question 17

The simultaneous occurrence of diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia is known as what?

A) Atherosclerosis
B) Obesity
C) Metabolic Syndrome X
D) Cardiovascular disease

Question 18

Which of the following describes death that is due to all known factors?

A) All-cause mortality
B) Suicide
C) Homicide
D) Premature death

Question 19

A central tenet of exercise epidemiology is the fact that participation in regular physical activity affects one's risk of developing certain diseases.

Question 20

A secondary component of exercise epidemiology involves the study of physical-activity levels in certain populations, and the various factors that are associated with participation in physical activity.

Question 21

The origins of exercise epidemiology date back only to the early 1960s.

Question 22

A primary contributor to the development of exercise epidemiology was Joseph Duchesne, who performed some of the first research studies that examined the relationship between physical activity and health.

Question 23

In the United States, cardiovascular disease has been the number-one killer every year since 1900 (except 1918).

Question 24

A cerebrovascular disease is any disease resulting from the obstructive effects of atherosclerosis in the arteries that supply blood to the brain.

Question 25

Essential hypertension is persistently high arterial blood pressure that may have no known cause.

Question 26

Secondary hypertension is persistently high arterial blood pressure that may be associated with other primary diseases.

Question 27

A regular exercise program has no effect on total peripheral resistance.

Question 28

Type 2 diabetes usually develops during childhood and adolescence and is characterized by a failure of the pancreas to produce insulin.

Question 29

Although there may be some situations in which physical activity is useful in treating secondary osteoporosis, regular exercise has a more pronounced effect on primary osteoporosis.

Question 30

All forms of cancer occur in two general phases: (1) initiation, and (2) promotion.

Question 31

Depression has been linked with the dysfunction of the noradrenergic and serotonergic systems in the brain.

Question 32

Research has shown that the combination of psychotherapy and drug treatment is more effective than exercise alone for treating depression.

Question 33

A crude rate is a type of incidence rate that involves computing the incidence rate for each subgroup of the population.

Question 34

Cross-sectional surveys cannot determine potential cause-and-effect relationships.

Question 35

One of the disadvantages of the case-control study technique is that it is often difficult to find a representative control group.

Question 36

Prospective cohort studies can assess the effects of only those risk factors that are measured at the beginning of the study (i.e., at baseline).

Question 37

A disadvantage of the randomized controlled trial is that it is often conducted with a very selective sample of subjects.

Question 38

Exercise epidemiology, like most areas of exercise science, relies heavily on the use of equipment (e.g., metabolic carts, skinfold calipers, isokinetic dynamometers, etc.) to measure physiological variables.

Question 39

The goals of the International Epidemiological Association (IEA) are to facilitate communication among those engaged in research and teaching in epidemiology throughout the world, and to engage in the development and use of epidemiological methods in all fields of health including social, community, and preventive medicine and health services administration.

Question 40

Very few prominent journals publish information that is relevant for exercise epidemiology.

Question 41

One of the most significant areas of growth in exercise epidemiology is examining the factors that underlie childhood obesity.