Deck 13: Nicotine and Caffeine

Question 1

Which statement about tobacco leaves is true?

A) They were not cultivated in the New World until seeds were brought over by Columbus in 1492.
B) They come in a large and a small leaf form, the latter being used for most modern-day tobacco.
C) They can be smoked in pipes, chewed, or even snorted in a form called snuff.
D) They were processed into cigarettes in the early 1900s.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), such as _______, all rely on _______ for nicotine delivery to users.

A) vape pens; condensation
B) snuffs; diffusion
C) e-cigarettes; vaporization
D) fairy pipes; evaporation

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which statement about JUUL e-cigarettes and quitting smoking is true?

A) They are not useful for quitting smoking because they more addictive than tobacco cigarettes.
B) They may be useful for quitting smoking because they deliver a similar amount of nicotine as a tobacco cigarette.
C) They are not useful for quitting smoking because they have such a different taste, smell, and effect than tobacco cigarettes.
D) They may be useful for quitting smoking because they cause an aversive reaction to nicotine in the smoker.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Nicotine is present in e-cigarettes the form of either a free base or _______ and the concentrations of nicotine _______ across e-cigarette type and brand.

A) nicotine salt; vary
B) nicotine salt; do not vary
C) tobacco; vary
D) tobacco; do not vary

Question 5

Nicotine

A) makes up about 10% of the dry tobacco leaf.
B) enters a smoker's lungs on particles of tar.
C) reaches the bloodstream from a typical cigarette in the amount of 6 to 11 mg.
D) is one of many psychoactive substances in the tobacco leaf.

Question 6

What is the fastest way to administer nicotine to the brain?

A) Intravenous route (IV)
B) Snorting
C) Smoking
D) IV and smoking are equally fast

Question 7

Which statement about the metabolism of nicotine is false?

A) It yields the principal metabolite cotinine.
B) All of the nicotine from a cigarette is metabolized in 2 hours.
C) The liver enzyme CYP2A6 is involved.
D) Inefficient metabolizers may be less likely to become cigarette smokers.

Question 8

Nicotinic receptors

A) are metabotropic receptors that bind acetylcholine.
B) consist of three subunits: α, β, and γ.
C) are constructed of subunits that form a potassium channel in the cell membrane.
D) can become silenced by depolarization block with repeated stimulation at high doses.

Question 9

Which statement about nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) is true?

A) They are ionotropic receptors and conduct Na⁺ and Ca²⁺ ions across the cell membrane causing depolarization and a fast excitatory response.
B) They are ionotropic receptors and conduct K⁺ ions across the cell membrane, causing depolarization and a fast excitatory response.
C) Each nAChR is composed of seven different protein subunits.
D) They are found in all areas of the nervous system except the brain.

Question 10

Which finding provides evidence that the pleasant effects that recently abstinent smokers experience when they smoke a cigarette may be caused by relief from withdrawal?

A) If these recently abstinent smokers continue to smoke the pleasant effects decrease.
B) If these recently abstinent smokers continue to smoke the pleasant effects increase.
C) When nicotine is administered to nonsmokers they experience they tend to experience the same positive effects.
D) When nicotine is administered to nonsmokers they experience they tend to experience negative effects.

Question 11

Nicotine self-administration

A) depends on the dopamine pathway to the nucleus accumbens for its reinforcing effects.
B) is equal to amphetamine or cocaine self-administration in intensity.
C) occurs at higher doses in adults than adolescents, according to animal studies.
D) depends on the α4 subunit of the nicotinic receptor.

Question 12

Which brain area is thought to be involved in nicotine craving and the subjective effects of nicotine based on expectation?

A) VTA
B) Hypothalamus
C) Anterior cingulate
D) Insula

Question 13

Studies with knockout mice genetically engineered to lack particular nicotinic receptor subunits have shown that VTA nicotinic receptors with the _______ and _______ subunits are important in nicotine addiction.

A) α6; β2
B) α5; α6
C) α4; α5
D) α5; β2

Question 14

Which of the following is not a physiological effect of nicotine?

A) Release of norepinephrine and epinephrine
B) Increased heart rate and elevated blood pressure
C) Increased secretion of stomach acid and ulcer formation
D) Decreased parasympathetic activity

Question 15

Nicotine toxicity can result from

A) exposure to nicotine in certain insecticides.
B) smoking one JUUL pod.
C) smoking more than three cigarettes in 30 minutes.
D) snorting pure tobacco.

Question 16

Acute tolerance to nicotine

A) takes place in the course of a single day.
B) is different from short-term tolerance.
C) does not affect the reinforcing effects of smoking.
D) does not overlap with chronic tolerance.

Question 17

Nicotine abstinence syndrome

A) can be treated with the drug mecamylamine.
B) results in increased locomotor activity in animals.
C) is characterized by a decreased ability to experience rewarding stimuli.
D) involves reduced dopamine in the nucleus accumbens.

Question 18

Which of the following is not a symptom of the nicotine abstinence syndrome?

A) Weight loss
B) Insomnia
C) Irritability
D) Restlessness

Question 19

What role does nicotine play in the life and survival of the tobacco plant?

A) It aids in photosynthesis.
B) Its toxicity protects the plant from predation.
C) It plays a role in energy storage.
D) It assists in pollination.

Question 20

It is thought that adolescents tend to start with e-cigarettes rather than tobacco cigarettes because of

A) ease of use and accessibility.
B) flavors, health, price, and concealment.
C) ability to use the e-cigarette device with other drugs.
D) greater nicotine content and subjective effects.

Question 21

According to researchers, which of the following is not a reason adolescents smoke?

A) To establish their independence
B) To lose weight
C) To be socially accepted by their peer group
D) To defy parental wishes

Question 22

Various models argue that smoking provides certain advantages to the smoker. Which is not an example of such proposed advantage?

A) Smoking allows the smoker greater mood control, specifically by controlling nicotine delivery.
B) Smoking provides increased concentration.
C) Smoking allows the smoker a time of increased energy and activity.
D) Smoking reduces the irritability and stress that occurs between cigarettes.

Question 23

Which factor is probably not important in maintaining smoking during the day?

A) Avoidance of nicotine withdrawal symptoms
B) Sensory aspects of smoking acting as secondary reinforcers of smoking through many past pairings with nicotine
C) Enhanced release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens with cigarette use
D) The perceived pleasant qualities of cigarette smoke for the regular smoker

Question 24

Which toxic substance is not produced or released during the smoking of tobacco?

A) Tar
B) Nicotine
C) Nitrosamines
D) Mecamylamine

Question 25

Shortness of breath, dry cough, chest pain, nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea and irregular opacities in the lungs are collectively associated with

A) emphysema-induced lung injury.
B) vaping-associated lung injury.
C) long-term tobacco chewing.
D) the effects of flavored cigar smoking.

Question 26

Smoking is not an important contributing factor in

A) seizures.
B) cancer.
C) cardiovascular disease.
D) low birth weight in infants.

Question 27

Which of the following is not an example of the benefits of nicotine gum?

A) Ease of nicotine delivery
B) Lack of side effects
C) Over-the-counter (OTC) availability
D) Rapid nicotine delivery

Question 28

Which statement about quitting the smoking is true?

A) The majority of smokers are not interested in giving up their smoking habit.
B) Relatively few (about 10%) smokers attempt to quit each year.
C) Quitting the smoking habit is very difficult and requires many attempts.
D) Placing warnings on cigarette packages and increasing cigarette taxes have had virtually no impact on usage or quitting rates.

Question 29

Which formulation has not been used in nicotine replacement therapy?

A) Lozenge
B) Patch
C) Nasal spray
D) Pill

Question 30

Most types of nicotine replacement therapy

A) were first approved as a transdermal patch.
B) should not be used in combination (e.g., inhaler plus patch).
C) can be achieved by using mecamylamine.
D) are generally very easy to use and in most cases allows for flexible, rapid dosing.

Question 31

Which antidepressant is currently being used to help smokers withdraw from nicotine?

A) Zoloft
B) Paxil
C) Zyban
D) Prozac

Question 32

Which event did not historically reduce cigarette consumption to some degree?

A) Increase in cigarette taxes
B) Antismoking ads
C) Great Depression occurred
D) World War II began

Question 33

Which statement about caffeine is false?

A) Tea contains both caffeine and theophylline, both stimulants.
B) In the United States, about 50% of adults consume caffeinated beverages.
C) The plasma half-life of caffeine is about 4 hours.
D) Children are avid consumers of caffeine in the form of soda.

Question 34

In laboratory animals, low doses of caffeine result in _______, and high doses result in _______ activity.

A) reduced; increased
B) increased, reduced
C) reduced; reduced
D) increased; increased

Question 35

Which statement about people who are tolerant and/or dependent on caffeine in coffee is false?

A) They are considered addicted to caffeine.
B) They may develop a headache if they miss their morning cup of coffee.
C) They may exhibit no trouble sleeping after consuming coffee right before bedtime.
D) They may develop an intense craving for coffee if they try to stop drinking it.

Question 36

Caffeine withdrawal is characterized by

A) headache.
B) fatigue.
C) impaired ability to concentrate.
D) All of the above

Question 37

Which of the following is not a characteristic of caffeine intoxication?

A) Tachycardia (increased heart rate)
B) Drowsiness
C) Gastrointestinal upset
D) Nervousness

Question 38

In addition to coffee and tea, caffeine is found in all of the following except

A) analgesic drugs.
B) cough suppressants.
C) OTC stimulants.
D) soft drinks.

Question 39

One potentially dangerous effect of the combination of energy drinks and alcohol is that

A) children are likely to consume such drinks.
B) alcohol-related impairment is still present although the individual may feel less intoxicated.
C) energy drinks prevent the metabolism of alcohol.
D) energy drinks enhance the absorption of alcohol.

Question 40

Which of the following is not an effect of caffeine reported by regular users?

A) Increased relaxation
B) Self-confidence
C) Improved mood
D) More focused attention

Question 41

Low doses of caffeine are thought to be safe for pregnant women, however a recent study found a positive relationship between caffeine consumption and incidence of _______, with the risk being _______.

A) hypertension; independent of dose
B) hypotension; dose-dependent
C) miscarriage; independent of dose
D) stillbirth; dose-dependent

Question 42

What is the most likely implication if a runner consumes caffeine before a race and then does better than her average for a given distance?

A) The caffeine may have had a placebo affect or it may have improved her muscle performance or her mood.
B) The caffeine did not play a role in her performance, it was chance that made her do better than usual.
C) The caffeine reduced her leg muscle contraction and allowed her to pace herself better through the race.
D) The caffeine increased her awareness of muscle fatigue, causing her to run faster and thus finish faster.

Question 43

Caffeine

A) is rapidly and completely absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, primarily the small intestine.
B) has a half-life that averages about 8 hours.
C) accumulates over the day, with significant amounts remaining in the bloodstream the following morning.
D) is metabolized more slowly in smokers.

Question 44

Current evidence suggests that caffeine exerts its stimulant effects at the synapse by

A) stimulation of cAMP phosphodiesterase.
B) increasing cAMP levels.
C) blocking adenosine receptors.
D) exciting GABA_A receptors.

Question 45

Which statement about adenosine is false?

A) It is a constituent of ATP.
B) It builds up during wakefulness, creating a state of drowsiness.
C) It acts on four different receptor subtypes.
D) It is released by caffeine.

Question 46

Caffeine's antagonism of both _______ and _______ receptors, especially in the striatum, is important in the arousing and activating effects of the drug.

A) A₁; A_2B
B) A_2A; A_2B
C) A₁; A_2A
D) A_2A; A₃

Question 47

Briefly describe the progression from cultivation of tobacco leaves in the New World to popularization and commercialization of the cigarette in twentieth-century America.

Question 48

Describe the composition of a typical cigarette and explain how the psychoactive component is delivered to the body and brain. Where in the brain does nicotine exert its primary effects?

Question 49

Describe the four generation of e-cigarettes that have been developed and their mechanisms of action for nicotine delivery.

Question 50

Describe the effects of nicotine on mood in smokers and nonsmokers.

Question 51

Describe the evidence, from both human and animal studies, that nicotine enhances cognitive function, and indicate which receptor subunits are important for various tasks.

Question 52

Discuss the role of dopamine and non-dopamine factors in the rewarding aspects of nicotine.

Question 53

Identify some physiological effects of nicotine that have the potential to cause long-term problems. What are the most likely conditions for nicotine poisoning? Is there any positive physiological benefit to smoking?

Question 54

Distinguish between short-term (acute) and long-term (chronic) nicotine tolerance in humans and explain how subunit composition of the receptors affect both types. How can dependence and withdrawal be studied in animals?

Question 55

Describe both the nicotine resource model and the deprivation reversal model with regard to nicotine's effects on mood, stress, and cognition. How are these models proposed to affect the nervous system?

Question 56

Describe the progression/stages in the development of a smoker and indicate how the deprivation reversal model plays a role.

Question 57

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the various nicotine replacement strategies. Then identify other pharmacological and behavioral interventions for treating tobacco dependence.

Question 58

Describe the widespread availability and consumption of caffeine in the United States. How is it typically consumed, absorbed, and metabolized?

Question 59

Identify the biphasic effect of caffeine observed in animals. What effects do low to moderate doses of caffeine have on humans? What effects do high doses have?

Question 60

Provide examples that show that caffeine produces tolerance, dependence, and an abstinence syndrome.

Question 61

What leads to caffeine intoxication and why is it sometimes mistaken for anxiety?

Question 62

Describe the mechanism of action of caffeine at the synapse and explain why other possible synaptic models have been ruled out.

Question 63

How might dopamine be involved in the action of caffeine?