Deck 9: Drug Abuse and Addiction

Question 1

According to the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 139 million Americans _______ and more than 58 million Americans _______.

A) smoked marijuana; drank alcohol
B) drank alcohol; used tobacco
C) drank alcohol; used cocaine or heroin
D) used tobacco; used one or more illicit drugs

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Most illicit drug users are in the _______-year-old age range.

A) 12 or older
B) 12 to 17
C) 18 to 25
D) 26 or older

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The development of _______ in 1858 contributed to the development of "soldier's disease," or opiate addiction during the Civil War.

A) cough syrup with codeine
B) Vin Mariani (wine fortified with cocaine)
C) the hypodermic syringe
D) the temperance movement

Answer 3

C

Question 4

In 1914, the passage of the _______ regulated use and dispensing of opioid drugs and cocaine.

A) Pure Food and Drug Act
B) Harrison Act
C) Marijuana Tax Act
D) Controlled Substances Act

Question 5

The Controlled Substances Act created _______ and established _______ of controlled substances. One highly addictive substance not covered by this legislation is _______.

A) a prohibition law; penalties for possession; nicotine
B) the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA); penalties for possession; alcohol
C) a tax on narcotics and marijuana; five schedules; nicotine
D) the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA); five schedules; alcohol

Question 6

Because of early theories equating addiction with _______, the drug _______ was not thought to be an addictive substance.

A) euphoria; cocaine
B) physical dependence; cocaine
C) physical dependence; morphine
D) euphoria; morphine

Question 7

Two primary features of the contemporary idea of addiction are _______ and _______.

A) craving; substance abuse
B) physical dependence; relapse
C) craving; relapse
D) withdrawal; relapse

Question 8

The DSM-5 groups ten designated classes of drugs into a group called "substance-related disorders." What is the rationale for this grouping?

A) Although these drugs all have very different circuitry, they all share abuse potential.
B) These drugs all share the ability to activate the neural circuitry that mediates "reward."
C) These drugs all can produce a strong physical dependence and withdrawal.
D) Studies have shown that addiction to these drugs is always fatal.

Question 9

In the DSM-5, _______ is included in the non-substance-related disorder category.

A) Internet addiction
B) binge eating
C) sex addiction
D) pathological gambling

Question 10

According to the Schedule of Controlled Substances, substances considered Schedule II

A) include compounds that have medicinal value and no abuse potential
B) have high abuse potential with severe dependence liability.
C) have no accepted medical use in the United States and have high abuse potential.
D) include compounds containing limited quantities of certain narcotics or nonnarcotic drugs.

Question 11

Behaviors such as compulsive Internet use and compulsive shopping

A) fall into the category behavioral addictions but are not listed to the DSM-5.
B) fall into the category of addictive behaviors according to the DSM-5, just like drug addictions.
C) are not considered addictive behaviors because the person affected can easily stop the behavior.
D) do not share any similarities with drug addiction.

Question 12

According to the DSM-5, which of the following falls into the category of substance-related and addictive disorders due to the similarity in symptoms to substance use disorders?

A) Compulsive shopping
B) Eating disorders
C) Gambling disorder
D) Excessive Internet use

Question 13

If an individual compulsively uses a drug, repeatedly attempts abstinence, but relapses back into compulsive use again, they are considered

A) preoccupied with, but not addicted to the drug.
B) a casual user of the drug.
C) addicted to the drug.
D) likely to successfully quit the drug.

Question 14

The gateway theory of drug progression proposes that

A) use of legal drugs, such as tobacco and alcohol, leads to later use of illicit drugs, such as heroin and cocaine.
B) use of psychedelic drugs, such as LSD, often leads to alcoholism as the user attempts to quit the drug use.
C) use of illegally obtained opioid drugs can lead to heroin use.
D) use of illicit drugs can produce unwanted effects such that the user quits "cold turkey."

Question 15

Which of the following correctly represents the addiction phases in the progression of drug use?

A) Non-problematic use $\rightarrow$ problematic use $\rightarrow$ escalation of use $\rightarrow$ abstinence $\rightarrow$ withdrawal
B) Non-problematic use $\rightarrow$ escalation of use $\rightarrow$ problematic use $\rightarrow$ abstinence $\rightarrow$ withdrawal
C) Abstinence $\rightarrow$ non-problematic use $\rightarrow$ escalation of use $\rightarrow$ problematic use $\rightarrow$ withdrawal
D) Escalation of use $\rightarrow$ withdrawal $\rightarrow$ abstinence $\rightarrow$ non-problematic use $\rightarrow$ problematic use

Question 16

In general, the _______ is positively correlated with its _______.

A) ability of a substance to cause relapse; duration of action
B) addiction potential of a substance; speed of onset
C) duration of action of a substance; speed of onset
D) speed of onset of a substance; ability to cause relapse

Question 17

Which of the following is the most efficient route of drug administration, producing the greatest effect for a given dose and reaching the brain most rapidly (quick-acting)?

A) Snorting (e.g., heroin)
B) Nicotine patch (tobacco)
C) Oral route (drinking or consuming)
D) Vaping (inhalation, e. e.g., e-cigarettes)

Question 18

Which statement about drug self-administration procedures is false?

A) They rely on positive reinforcement produced by the substance being investigated.
B) The typical dose-response function is an inverted U-shaped curve.
C) Antidepressants and antipsychotics are readily self-administered by animals.
D) In general, the reinforcing properties of an addictive drug increase as the dose is increased, within a certain range.

Question 19

The relative strength of drug reinforcement can be measured using a _______ schedule of drug self-administration.

A) fixed-ratio
B) variable-ratio
C) progressive-ratio
D) progressive-interval

Question 20

In a progressive-ratio procedure, the response requirement at which an animal stops responding for drug is called the

A) saturation point.
B) breakpoint.
C) quit point.
D) intoxication point.

Question 21

In general, drugs of abuse _______ the threshold for rewarding brain stimulation.

A) decrease
B) increase
C) do not affect
D) first increase, then decrease

Question 22

The increase in threshold for electrical self-stimulation of the brain produced by withdrawal from chronic treatment with drugs of abuse is generally interpreted to indicate a(n)

A) state of intoxication.
B) increase in sensitivity of the reward circuit.
C) state of craving.
D) decrease in sensitivity of the reward circuit.

Question 23

Through classical conditioning, environmental stimuli associated with _______ can cause relapse via _______.

A) withdrawal states; conditioned withdrawal and craving
B) drug use; conditioned responding and physical dependence
C) physical dependence; unconditioned responding and craving
D) abstinence; unconditioned withdrawal

Question 24

In the case of heroin, negative reinforcement experiments show that when animals are in a(n) _______ state, they have a stronger urge to find and take a drug than they do in the _______ state.

A) anticipation; withdrawal
B) "high"; anticipation
C) withdrawal; non-abstinent
D) non-abstinent; withdrawal

Question 25

The drug discrimination paradigm can be used to determine all of the following except

A) whether an animal can readily discriminate a drug from a vehicle, such as saline.
B) whether the effects of one drug "generalize" to that of another.
C) how hard an animal is willing to work for a drug.
D) "dose equivalents" of different drugs that can produce a similar internal state.

Question 26

Which statement about addiction and genetics is true?

A) If both parents are alcoholics/drug addicts, their offspring will also be alcoholics/drug addicts, but if only one parent is affected, any offspring has a 50% chance of developing a problem.
B) An addiction gene has been identified.
C) The overall heritability of substance use disorders ranges from 40% to 60%.
D) If drug or alcohol problem does not run in a family, other family members will not develop a problem either.

Question 27

Robert is trying to stop drinking alcohol, but his anxiety levels increase dramatically when he stops. If he increases his alcohol consumption to cope with this anxiety, his behavior could most readily be explained by the

A) self-medication hypothesis.
B) conclusion that his anxiety and his alcohol problem come from some shared factors.
C) conclusion that one or more of his family members must also have an alcohol problem.
D) conclusion that he must be under a great deal of stress.

Question 28

According to the self-medication hypothesis, individuals suffering from anxiety should prefer _______, and those suffering from depression should prefer _______.

A) cocaine; alcohol
B) cocaine; heroin
C) alcohol; cocaine
D) alcohol; heroin

Question 29

A comprehensive model of drug addiction could be considered a _______ model.

A) disease
B) medical
C) biopsychosocial
D) moral

Question 30

Which statement about natural recovery from drugs is true?

A) Natural recovery is only achieved if the tempting substances are removed from an individual's life.
B) People who recover without intervention almost always relapse.
C) A surprising number of people with drug or alcohol problems recover without outside help.
D) If natural recovery is achieved, relapse is less likely to occur.

Question 31

Which drug of abuse would you most expect to see multiple members of one genetically-related family be susceptible to?

A) Cocaine
B) Marijuana
C) Heroin
D) Psychedelics

Question 32

Which person would you expect to have the quickest escalation of drug use and be most susceptible to situational cues contributing to relapse?

A) A 24-year-old man
B) A 24-year-old woman
C) A 68-year-old man
D) A 68-year-old woman

Question 33

In the three-stage model of the addiction cycle, the factor that perpetuates the cycle is the _______ stage.

A) anticipation
B) binge
C) intoxication
D) withdrawal

Question 34

The distressing emotional state experienced during withdrawal, including feelings of dejection and poor mood, is called _______, which _______ over escalating drug use.

A) hyperkinesia; decreases
B) hyperkatifeia; increases
C) rebound; decreases
D) relapse; increases

Question 35

The proposed circuit involved in the rewarding and reinforcing effects of abused drugs incorporates many neuroanatomical structures, but does not include the

A) amygdala.
B) cerebellum.
C) nucleus accumbens.
D) ventral pallidum.

Question 36

The extended amygdala system involved in the drug reward includes all of the following except for the

A) shell of the nucleus accumbens.
B) central nucleus of the amygdala.
C) bed nucleus of the stria terminalis.
D) ventral tegmental area.

Question 37

Dopaminergic activity in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway is essential for drug reward in the case of _______ but not in the case of _______.

A) cocaine; heroin
B) heroin; alcohol
C) amphetamine; cocaine
D) alcohol; heroin

Question 38

The incentive sensitization theory distinguishes between drug _______ and drug _______.

A) seeking; taking
B) liking; wanting
C) liking; taking
D) craving; seeking

Question 39

Which of the following does not fit with the addiction-related neuroadaptations proposed by Koob and Le Moal?

A) As drug users become dependent, less dopamine is released in the nucleus accumbens.
B) Early recreational drug use is accompanied by increased dopamine and opioid peptide activity.
C) Increased norepinephrine and corticotropin-releasing factor play a role in recreational drug use.
D) corticotropin-releasing factor levels in the amygdala increase as drug users become dependent.

Question 40

In addition to important changes in the dopamine system, _______ from the _______ appears to be involved in the transition to habitual, compulsive drug-seeking in animal models.

A) serotonin; prefrontal cortex
B) serotonin; nucleus accumbens
C) glutamate; prefrontal cortex
D) glutamate; amygdala

Question 41

According to the incentive sensitization theory of addiction, as a person develops a drug addiction, the user experiences an increase in _______, with no change or even a decrease in _______.

A) drug liking; drug wanting
B) drug wanting; drug liking
C) drug reward; drug craving
D) positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement

Question 42

Chronic drug exposure can result in either an epigenetically primed gene or a desensitized gene, which then results in _______ of the gene when the animal is subsequently presented with the same drug.

A) over-expression
B) under-expression
C) activated or repressed transcription
D) under-expression or silencing

Question 43

Drug-induced plasticity was demonstrated in an experiment using mice in which an injection of cocaine _______ the responsiveness of synapses between glutamatergic fibers and _______ neurons in the VTA.

A) increased; postsynaptic
B) decreased; postsynaptic
C) increased; presynaptic
D) decreased; presynaptic

Question 44

The _______ model of addiction is based on the idea that brain dysfunction occurs as a result of repeated drug exposure.

A) biopsychosocial
B) susceptibility
C) moral
D) disease

Question 45

Identify the major pieces of federal drug legislation and the purpose of each. What effect did these laws have on drug use in the United States?

Question 46

Describe three procedures researchers can use to measure whether drugs have rewarding effects in animal models.

Question 47

How does the conditioning model of addiction (as described by Wikler) explain relapse to drug use in the absence of actual withdrawal symptoms?

Question 48

Distinguish between positive reinforcement and drug reward and provide examples of each.

Question 49

Describe some of the risk factors for developing drug addiction and some of the protective factors that may reduce risk.

Question 50

List the three-stages in the proposed cycle of addiction.

Question 51

Distinguish drug wanting from drug liking. How can drug wanting increase at the same time that drug liking decreases?

Question 52

Describe two findings that counter the idea that dopamine is a "pleasure neurotransmitter."

Question 53

Which brain regions have been implicated in the preoccupation/anticipation stage of drug use?

Question 54

What are neuroadaptations? Describe the two neuroadaptations involved in the progression to addiction as proposed by Koob and Le Moal.

Question 55

Describe the neurochemical changes thought to underlie the transition from positive to negative reinforcement in addiction.

Question 56

What is meant by the medicalization of drug addiction?

Question 57

What is the value in looking at addiction as a disease? What are the criticisms of the disease model of addiction?