Deck 6: Cultural Constructions of Gender and Sexuality

Question 1

The way in which physical desires and practices toward others are shapedinternalized, challenged, and practiced by men and women is called:

A) gender
B) sexuality
C) gender division of labor
D) sexual parallelism

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Spanish colonial gender ideologies were based on the notion of:

A) honor
B) legitimacy
C) power
D) courage

Answer 2

A

Question 3

All of the following contributed to the diminution of women's status and autonomin the nineteenth century except:

A) creation of new religious ideology
B) codification of private property laws
C) intensification of export crop production
D) assaults on corporate indigenous lands

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Submission, passivity, self-denial, sadness and complacency are all attributeaccorded to the doctrine of:

A) gender parallelism
B) conquest hierarchy
C) machismo
D) marianismo

Question 5

Which of the following statements is most accurate?

A) Since the revolution of 1959, women in Cuba have gained significant political and economic power in the country.
B) Women's roles in Cuba have changed very little over the past century; they continue to be an invisible majority.
C) In Cuba before 1959 women had significantly more important political roles than they do today.
D) In Cuba today women have gained more public recognition than before 1959, but they largely continue to be narrowly defined in traditional roles.

Question 6

In which Latin American country do we find the Association of WomeConfronting the National Problem, AMPRONAC?

A) Cuba
B) Nicaragua
C) Chile
D) Argentina

Question 7

What is meant by a gendered "house/street divide"?

A) It is a public/private dichotomy that associates each gender with a separate domain.
B) It is a gender dichotomy that allows males and females a duplicate set of behaviors depending on location.
C) It is a gender ideology that elevates the family as a sacred unit in society for both sexes.
D) It is a marriage policy that encourages unions only among those from the same neighborhoods and classes.

Question 8

It is estimated that matrifocal households made up what percentage of nineteentcentury Latin American families?

A) less than 25%
B) 25-50%
C) 75%
D) 50-75%

Question 9

Growing matrifocality among Latin American households shows that:

A) women are better providers than men
B) women's status in Latin America is very high
C) there is a discrepancy between official ideology and actual practice
D) there is a shortage of men in Latin America

Question 10

Sexual identities across Latin America and the Caribbean:

A) are somewhat similar
B) vary greatly
C) follow very traditional lines
D) are constantly changing

Question 11

Which of the following is an example of a highly gender-inflected society iAmazonia?

A) Tukano
B) Santo Domingo
C) Tule
D) New Caledonia

Question 12

Studies among the Yanömamo suggest all of the following except:

A) intense male competition
B) high status attached to polyandry
C) importance of women for solidifying trading alliances
D) presence of a marked sex imbalance

Question 13

The Cashinahua of Peru exhibit:

A) male-female cooperation, complementarity, matrilocality, and affection
B) male-female antagonism, patrilocality, gender inflection
C) gender complementarity, polyandry, rigid division of labor
D) male-female affection, patrilocal residence, ambiguous division of labor

Question 14

In the studies of the communities and migrants of Degollado and El Fuerte, whawere the primary changes that the authors found in the status of marriage over the past thirty to forty years?

A) reduced significance of the migrant community
B) growing significance of gender inflection
C) growing significance of respect and suffering
D) growing significance of companionate marriage

Question 15

The establishment of independent households is called:

A) neolocal residence
B) patrilocal residence
C) uxorilocal residence
D) avunculocal residence

Question 16

In the Caribbean, Andes, and Mexico scholars have been able to reconstruct pattern of pre-Columbian gender and sexuality because these are areas with large numbers of surviving indigenous peoples.

Question 17

Scholars today are able to study pre-colonial gender systems in Latin America.

Question 18

Gender complementarity and parallelism were widespread in Mesoamerica.

Question 19

Colonialism is historically a deeply gendered process.

Question 20

Marianismo and machismo are not representative of the lived experiences of manLatin American and Caribbean men and women.

Question 21

Terms such as "homosexual" and "bisexual" are cross-cultural identities.

Question 22

Sex wars occur throughout Latin America.

Question 23

Male violence against women is extremely rare among the Yanömamo.

Question 24

A multisited ethnography is a study that is carried out in multiple locations.

Question 25

Migration creates culture change.

Question 26

What are three primary sources that scholars in the Andes and Mexico use treconstruct an understanding of historical changes of gender among indigenoupeoples?

Question 27

Define "conquest hierarchy."

Question 28

What is machismo? Identify at least three characteristics.

Question 29

Describe at least 4 characteristics of female-headed or matrifocal households.

Question 30

What does the author refer to as "sex wars"?

Question 31

Describe how state expansion affected gender roles among the Aztecs.

Question 32

Describe one example of "overturning the gender hierarchy."

Question 33

What conclusions can we draw about Latin American masculinity based on thresearch that has been done on this theme?