Question 1

Which of the following is not one of the laws of inheritance?&#10;A) law of dominance&#10;B) law of linked assortment&#10;C) law of segregation&#10;D) law of independent assortment

Accepted Answer

The law of linked assortment is not one of the laws of inheritance. The other three - law of dominance, law of segregation and law of independent assortment - were described by Gregor Mendel in his experiments with pea plants and are foundational to our understanding of genetic inheritance.

Question 2

Mitochondrial disorders are transmitted by the mitochondria of which parent(s)?&#10;A) father.&#10;B) both parents.&#10;C) one parent who could be mother or father.&#10;D) mother.

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrial DNA is passed down exclusively from the mother to her offspring, which means that all siblings inherit the same mitochondrial DNA from their mother. Therefore, mitochondrial disorders are transmitted by the mother.

Question 3

Which of the following definitions refers to polyploidy?&#10;A) an autosomal chromosome&#10;B) a combination of genetic disorders and environmental factors&#10;C) multiple of the normal chromosome count&#10;D) several chromosomes involved

Accepted Answer

Polyploidy refers to having multiple (more than two) sets of chromosomes, typically occurring in plants. This is in contrast to aneuploidy, which refers to having an abnormal number of chromosomes (e.g. having an extra copy of chromosome 21 in Down syndrome). Therefore, choice C is the correct answer as it specifically refers to multiple chromosome counts.

Question 4

What is the overall meaning of the term aneuploidy?&#10;A) Individual chromosomes are missing or an extra one is present.&#10;B) Trisomy is three copies of a chromosome.&#10;C) This is a genetic abnormality which increases with age.&#10;D) Sex chromosome aneuploidy are commoner than autosomal ones.

Accepted Answer

Aneuploidy refers to a genetic condition in which an individual has an abnormal number of chromosomes, either fewer or more than the typical number of 46. This can occur when an individual is missing a chromosome or has an extra one.

Question 5

The technique for developing a third-parent baby can be used to prevent certain genetic disorders. Which of the following is applicable?&#10;A) The nuclear DNA is partly taken from a male donor.&#10;B) Mitochondrial DNA from a female donor is inserted into the fertilized ovum already containing such DNA from both parents.&#10;C) Mitochondrial DNA from a female donor replaces the mitochondrial DNA from the mother.&#10;D) The nuclear DNA is partly taken from a female donor.

Accepted Answer

In the technique for developing a third-parent baby, mitochondrial DNA from a female donor replaces the mitochondrial DNA from the mother. This prevents certain genetic disorders caused by mutations in the mitochondrial DNA. The nuclear DNA is still passed on from both parents. Option A and D are incorrect as the nuclear DNA is not partly taken from a male or female donor. Option B is incorrect as the fertilized ovum already contains mitochondrial DNA from both parents, and adding more would create a four-parent scenario.

Question 6

Degenerative changes in the pre-frontal cortex and hippocampus can be due to ______.&#10;A) hyperactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis&#10;B) increased support by neuroglia&#10;C) reduced levels of glucocorticoids&#10;D) increased number of astrocytes

Accepted Answer

Hyperactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis leads to increased production of glucocorticoids, which can cause degenerative changes in the pre-frontal cortex and hippocampus. Increased support by neuroglia or increased number of astrocytes do not necessarily cause degenerative changes, and reduced levels of glucocorticoids would actually be beneficial for these brain regions.

Question 7

Bipolar disorder is not associated with ______.&#10;A) an imbalance in neurotransmitters&#10;B) a genetic susceptibility&#10;C) maternal infection&#10;D) oxidative stress and neural damage

Accepted Answer

The answer of Bipolar disorder is not associated with ______.&#10;A)...

Question 8

Schizophrenia is associated with ______.&#10;A) grey and white mater tissue loss&#10;B) thickened cerebral cortex&#10;C) early onset&#10;D) increased cognitive performance

Accepted Answer

Schizophrenia is associated with grey and white matter tissue loss, particularly in the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. This can result in various cognitive, emotional, and behavioral symptoms commonly associated with schizophrenia. There is no evidence to suggest that schizophrenia is associated with a thickened cerebral cortex, early onset, or increased cognitive performance.

Question 9

Exercise ______.&#10;A) reduces the production of new mitochondria&#10;B) reduces antioxidant supply to neurons&#10;C) is not an effective intervention for bipolar disorder&#10;D) promotes the production of new mitochondria

Accepted Answer

Exercise has been shown to promote the production of new mitochondria, which can improve energy production and overall health of neurons.

Question 10

How does person-centred care help reduce stigma of mental ill health?&#10;A) ensures compassionate and collaborative care&#10;B) encourages a family - like atmosphere in care and social relationships&#10;C) ensures care revolves around people

Accepted Answer

Person-centred care ensures compassionate and collaborative care, which helps reduce stigma by creating a more supportive and understanding environment for people with mental ill health.

Deck 3: Genetic Disorders ; Mental Ill Health