Question 1

Williams and Mohammed explain that racism is one of several ______ of health.&#10;A) distal causes&#10;B) intervening mechanisms&#10;C) fundamental determinants&#10;D) proximal pathways

Accepted Answer

Williams and Mohammed propose that racism functions as a fundamental determinant of health, meaning it shapes many aspects of daily life and socioeconomic position, leading to enduring health disparities.

Question 2

According to the framework discussed by the authors, stress is an example of a(n) ______.&#10;A) social inequality&#10;B) upstream factor&#10;C) fundamental determinant of health&#10;D) intervening pathway

Accepted Answer

Stress is considered an intervening pathway as it mediates the relationship between upstream factors and health outcomes.

Question 3

The authors discuss residential segregation as an example of ______ racism.&#10;A) institutional&#10;B) cultural&#10;C) individual&#10;D) internalized

Accepted Answer

Residential segregation is a form of racism that is perpetuated by institutional practices, such as discriminatory housing policies, redlining, and zoning laws that restrict where certain racial groups can live. This type of racism persists through cultural and individual practices, but it is the institutional structures and policies that create and perpetuate residential segregation.

Question 4

According to the authors, which of the following is true of the study of the impact of institutional racism on health?&#10;A) Institutional racism is not the primary mechanism by which racism adversely affects health, so it has received little research attention.&#10;B) No efforts have been made to operationalize aspects of institutional racism in epidemiological studies.&#10;C) Researchers have made great strides in quantifying the impact of institutional racism on health.&#10;D) It is challenging to capture the impact of institutional racism using traditional epidemiological research.

Accepted Answer

The authors suggest that it is difficult to capture the impact of institutional racism using traditional epidemiological research, implying that there are challenges in studying this topic. The other options are not supported by the text.

Question 5

Which of the following refers to representations of race in popular culture that affect people exposed to them?&#10;A) institutional racism&#10;B) cultural racism&#10;C) individual racism&#10;D) internalized racism

Accepted Answer

Cultural racism refers to representations of race in popular culture, such as in movies or advertisements, that can perpetuate stereotypes and impact how people view and treat individuals of different races.

Question 6

The authors explain that ______ stigmatized racial groups is a significant aspect of subtle prejudice.&#10;A) disdain for&#10;B) the absence of positive emotions for&#10;C) paternalistic feelings towards&#10;D) the misunderstanding of

Accepted Answer

The authors mention "the absence of positive emotions for stigmatized racial groups" as a significant aspect of subtle prejudice, which aligns with choice B. The other answer choices are not directly mentioned or implied in the text.

Question 7

Which of the following refers to the acceptance of dominant society's false beliefs about one's own racial inferiority?&#10;A) institutional racism&#10;B) cultural racism&#10;C) individual racism&#10;D) internalized racism

Accepted Answer

Internalized racism refers to the acceptance and belief in false ideas about one's own racial inferiority, which have been perpetuated by dominant society. This can result in negative self-perceptions and internalized feelings of shame or self-hatred.

Question 8

Research suggests that higher ______ among physicians is associated with biased treatment recommendations in the care of Black patients.&#10;A) implicit bias scores&#10;B) exposure to discrimination&#10;C) SES&#10;D) rates of self-stereotyping

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that physicians with higher implicit bias scores are more likely to provide biased treatment recommendations in the care of Black patients. Implicit bias refers to unconscious attitudes or stereotypes that can affect a person's behavior, even if they do not consciously hold those beliefs. Therefore, implicit bias may lead to unintentional discrimination in healthcare settings.

Question 9

The authors explain that in order to measure the impact of experiences of discrimination on health, researchers need to focus attention on ______, among other issues.&#10;A) the interplay of socioeconomic status&#10;B) Arab American populations&#10;C) the threat of exposure to discrimination&#10;D) cardiovascular outcomes

Accepted Answer

The threat of exposure to discrimination is a key factor in understanding the impact of experiences of discrimination on health. This is because the threat of discrimination can lead to chronic stress, which can have a negative impact on physical and mental health.

Question 10

In their conclusion, Williams and Mohammed explain that the failure to ______ could ultimately contribute to the failure to address inequalities.&#10;A) focus on mental health outcomes&#10;B) document personal experiences of discrimination&#10;C) model the accumulation of adversity&#10;D) differentiate between types of racism

Accepted Answer

Modeling the accumulation of adversity is crucial for understanding and addressing inequalities, as it allows researchers to examine the cumulative effects of multiple forms of discrimination and disadvantage over time.

Question 11

What happens to disparities in health and health care among the subset of racial minority populations who have higher levels of income and education?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What happens to disparities in health and...

Question 12

How does residential segregation affect health?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How does residential segregation affect health?...

Question 13

How does cultural racism affect health?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How does cultural racism affect health?...

Question 14

How can internalized racism affect health?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How can internalized racism affect health?...

Question 15

How do subjective experiences of racism affect health?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How do subjective experiences of racism affect...

Deck 47: Racism and Health: Pathways and Scientific Evidence