Deck 11: Population and Family Planning

Question 1

In comparing the terms fertility and fecundity,

A) Fertility refers to potential births while fecundity refers to an actual number of births.
B) Fertility refers to actual births while fecundity refers to a potential number of births.
C) The fertility rate is always higher than the fecundity rate.
D) Both (a) and (c) above.
E) Both (b) and (c) above.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following is an example of latent fertility regulation?

A) Coitus interruptus.
B) Requiring a large bride price before marriage and childbearing.
C) The ancient Egyptian use of vaginal plugs.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Thomas Robert Malthus, in his "Essay on the Principle of Population" (1798), argued that

A) Married couples had a religious duty to have as many children as possible.
B) Modern science would have no difficulty increasing production fast enough to keep up with population increases.
C) Brainwork takes more energy than physical labor, so technologically advanced workforces would have sex less often and thus lower their birthrate.
D) Population will increase faster than productive capacity, so humans will always have wars, disease, and starvation.
E) Europeans should sustain themselves by getting cheap raw materials from poor countries.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The initial version of demographic transition theory argued that

A) Population growth would always increase faster than productive capacity.
B) Only agrarian societies could increase production enough to feed a growing society.
C) Pronatalism is functional in all modes of production.
D) More industrialized nations, unlike less industrialized nations, were able to increase production fast enough to keep up with growing populations.
E) Zero population growth was likely in most agrarian societies.

Question 5

According to the theory of demographic transition,

A) Societies in the primary stage had high death rates and low birth rates.
B) Societies in the secondary stage had high birth rates and declining death rates.
C) Societies in the secondary stage had high death rates and declining birth rates.
D) Societies in the tertiary stage had high death rates and declining birth rates.
E) Societies in the tertiary stage had high death rates and high birth rates.

Question 6

According to the theory of demographic transition, the most important cause of change in fertility rates in the tertiary stage was probably

A) The rapid decline in the death rate due to the germ theory of disease.
B) The fact that having children became a net economic cost rather than an economic benefit.
C) The invention of the pill.
D) A lower age at first marriage.
E) The increased incidence of war.

Question 7

If the theory of demographic transition applies to countries currently experiencing poverty and rapidly growing populations, which of the following would be most effective in stabilizing their population?

A) Continuing level of high death rates.
B) Free birth control information from wealthy countries.
C) Rapid industrialization.
D) Better medical care.
E) More shipments of free food from wealthy countries.

Question 8

In the 20^th century, the American birthrate

A) Declined during the Great Depression of the 1930s.
B) Increased rapidly immediate after World War II.
C) Declined since the late 1950s.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 9

Results of recent U.S. surveys about child bearing and family size have found

A) Two children is the most common "ideal" family size.
B) A considerably higher percent of Black women than White women now expect to have no children in their lifetimes.
C) The most highly educated women are most likely to expect to have no children.
D) All of the above.
E) Only (a) and (c) above.

Question 10

A comparison of the marital satisfaction of mothers with that of childless women found that

A) All categories of childless women had lower marital satisfaction than did mothers.
B) Voluntarily childless women had higher marital satisfaction than did mothers.
C) Involuntarily childless women had higher marital satisfaction than did mothers.
D) In only the postponing category did childless women have higher marital satisfaction.
E) There was no correlation between childlessness and marital satisfaction.

Question 11

Since the mid 1970s, the percent of women over 35 years of age who were childless

A) Has steadily gone down.
B) Has steadily gone up.
C) Has remained constant.
D) Went up in the 1980s and back down in the 1990s.
E) Went down in the 1980s and back up in the 1990s.

Question 12

If both method failure and user failure rates are considered, which of the following contraception practices is always 100% effective?

A) The pill.
B) Abstinence.
C) Condoms.
D) Intentional sterilization.
E) None of the above.

Question 13

As a birth control technique, "periodic abstinence" is also known as

A) Natural family planning.
B) Fertility awareness.
C) The rhythm method.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 14

Of the following forms of contraception, which has the lowest failure rates?

A) Periodic abstinence.
B) The Pill.
C) Male condom.
D) Withdrawal.
E) Diaphragm.

Question 15

Compared to tubal ligations, vasectomies are

A) Cheaper.
B) Safer.
C) More common.
D) All of the above.
E) Only (a) and (b) above.

Question 16

The Roe vs. Wade Supreme Court decision determined that

A) A woman was entitled to an abortion, with no state interference, at any time before the moment of birth.
B) The state could not interfere in the decision between a woman and her doctor during the first trimester of the pregnancy.
C) Parental and spousal notification laws were unconstitutional.
D) All states had to make abortion available free of charge to poor women.
E) The father of the fetus had to give approval before an abortion could be obtained.

Question 17

Which statement best summarizes the American public's views on abortion?

A) Most people either believe a woman should be able to get an abortion for any reason she wants, or they believe a woman should never be able to get an abortion.
B) The majority of people believe a woman should be able to get an abortion for any reason.
C) Most people support a woman getting an abortion for some reasons but not for other reasons.
D) Most people have no opinion on the abortion issue.
E) Most people oppose relinquishment and adoption as an alternative to abortion.

Question 18

The most popular choice of American single pregnant women is

A) Abortion.
B) Becoming a single mom.
C) Giving birth and marrying the child's father.
D) Giving birth and relinquishing the child.
E) Roughly equal portions of women select each of the above options.

Question 19

The practice in which the husband of a woman in labor takes to his bed as though he were bearing the child is

A) Berdache.
B) Couvade.
C) Lamaze.
D) Midhusbandry.
E) Dry nursing.

Question 20

The percent of couples who are infertile

A) Is 5%
B) Is 10%.
C) Is 15%.
D) Is 20%
E) Depends on how infertility is defined.

Question 21

The most common immediate cause of male fertility is

A) Inability to get an erection.
B) Inability to ejaculate.
C) Low sperm count.
D) Deformed or defective sperm.
E) Lack of sexual desire.

Question 22

Surrogate mothers

A) Are women who are paid for the use of their uterus to produce a baby.
B) Are a very recent social phenomenon.
C) Are usually impregnated by sexual intercourse.
D) All of the above.
E) Only (a) and (b) above.

Question 23

"Culture lag" is

A) A gap in the technology of one society compared to the technology of another society.
B) A difference in norms between two different types of society.
C) A difference between the way men look at an issue and the way women look at the same issue.
D) A time discrepancy between technological change and change in nonmaterial aspects of culture.
E) The time, for in vitro fertilization, it takes for the embryo to fully develop.

Question 24

It is true about adoption in the United States that

A) There are far more healthy infants available than there are couples who want to adopt.
B) There are far more couples who want to adopt than there are healthy infants available.
C) It is easier for a Black couple to find and adopt a Black baby than it is for a White couple to find and adopt a White baby.
D) Both (a) and (c) above.
E) Both (b) and (c) above.

Question 25

The American "biogenic bias" in kinship characteristics refers to

A) The unusually high acceptance of fictive kinship.
B) A strong legal and cultural preference to assign children's kinship bonds to mothers and other women, rather than to fathers and other men.
C) The preference for newborns in adoption requests.
D) A strong legal and cultural bias against assigning kinship to anything other than marriage or blood relatives.
E) The tendency of physical similarity to be directly correlated with closeness of blood relationship.

Question 26

How do manifest fertility regulation and latent fertility regulation differ? Give examples of each.

Question 27

Explain what happens, according to the theory of demographic transition, during each economic stage.

Question 28

Why has world population increased so rapidly in the past 200 years?

Question 29

In what way is American opinion divided on the abortion issue?

Question 30

Explain the different options available in assisted reproductive techniques. Apply the concept of culture lag to the laws dealing with such techniques.

Question 31

Some observers claim there is an "adoption crisis" in the United States today. If true, of what might the crisis consist? How might it be solved?