Deck 7: Education

Question 1

According to social reproduction theory, education is

A) a path to liberation
B) an institution where class hierarchies are reproduced.
C) an institution where even a long history of racial discrimination does not matter
D) an institution where social and cultural capital are irrelevant

Answer 1

B

Question 2

An example of a person's social capital is their

A) social network
B) language
C) talents
D) personal property

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Critical race theory argues that

A) schools should be race neutral
B) minority students enter school with a deficit of skills
C) focusing on diversity in school curriculum fuels discrimination
D) the cultural competencies of whites is seen as the cultural norm

Answer 3

D

Question 4

According to critical race theory, a different set of skills within a community that tends to not be recognized or valued by dominant institutions is also known as:

A) color awareness
B) cultural superiority
C) community cultural wealth
D) social capital

Question 5

In sociology, whiteness studies:

A) brings about an understanding of how the rules, ideologies, values, and norms of our society are all constructed by white people, yet appear race neutral.
B) brings about an understanding of how white standards affect our interpretations of ourselves and others.
C) explains how most educational institutions can be understood as racialized spaces, thus campuses themselves are examples of whiteness in education.
D) All of the above

Question 6

According to Flores-Gonzales (2002) a _________ identity is adopted when a student learns student role expectations early and performs the role well and develops meaningful relationships with peers and teachers.

A) street
B) school
C) minority
D) majority

Question 7

Racial/ethnic group members negotiate their school identities in the school environment differently than white students. Which of the following is an example of the different school identities developed by some racial/ethnic minority students?

A) oppositional identity
B) model minority
C) street identity
D) All of the above

Question 8

Some research shows that some African American students develop ___________ identities when they perceive positive attitudes about school as an affront to the African American identity and/or as "acting white."

A) oppositional
B) street
C) aboriginal
D) divergent

Question 9

This is a term defined by sociologists as a powerful force for children who learn that anything less than academic excellence will be denounced by their peers and the adults around them.

A) mimicking
B) stereotyping
C) stigma
D) negotiation

Question 10

After the Civil War when public education was finally extended to minorities in the United States, it was substandard. One of the most powerful and effective ways that minority groups fought this inequality was through:

A) formal litigation
B) militias
C) segregation
D) violence

Question 11

Which historical Supreme Court decision has had the most significant impact on desegregation in American schools nationwide?

A) Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
B) Williams v. State of California (2000)
C) Roe v. Wade (1973)
D) Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)

Question 12

In Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) the Court declared that states could continue to enforce racial segregation as long as the facilities provided for each race were equal. This meant:

A) it was illegal to be separate but equal.
B) it was legal to have segregation in schools.
C) a strong commitment would be made to maintaining equal facilities.
D) education was becoming a source of integration.

Question 13

Evidence of ___________ was presented in the Brown case based on Kenneth and Mamie Clark's research findings from their well-known doll experiments.

A) gender discrimination
B) overt racism
C) internalized racism
D) biological differences

Question 14

Afrocentric education refers to

A) an educational strategy that teaches African American students about black history and culture
B) the in-depth study of the continent of Africa
C) a form of education opposed by the Civil Rights Movement
D) the belief that public schools are focusing on black studies exclusively

Question 15

Asian Americans students are often expected to live up to the model minority stereotype, which assumes academic success is the result of hard work and Asian cultural norms. This is problematic because:

A) Asian Americans naturally have higher IQs.
B) Asian Americans are a large and diverse group with considerable variation in academic performance and cultural expectations.
C) Asian American students often reject this expectation in their student identity development and sabotage their own success.
D) Asian Americans naturally have more motivation.

Question 16

In the mid-1800s, education for Mexican Americans, African Americans, and Asian Americans shared all the same characteristics except:

A) It prepared them for subordinate roles in society.
B) It socialized them for a life of cheap labor.
C) It often denied them access to high school.
D) It provided the same quality education, although separate, as whites.

Question 17

The Mendez v. Westminster School District of Orange County (1945) was a significant school desegregation decision because:

A) It resulted in the state of California being the first state in the country to end segregation in schools.
B) This was the first case brought by both African Americans and Latinos together.
C) It was the most well-known Supreme Court decision and ended segregated schooling nationwide.
D) Defined desegregation as having more than one race of students in the school (Latina/os, African Americans, and whites, for instance).

Question 18

Which statement is NOT true regarding the boarding school movement and the systematic resocialization of Indian children:

A) the goal was to get them to abandon their native identity and accept a new one.
B) their names and clothes were confiscated and they were prohibited from speaking their native languages.
C) Their education was vocational focused because it was assumed they would take on subordinate roles in society.
D) The Bureau of Indian Affairs did not approve of the boarding school movement.

Question 19

Karl Marx observed in his ____________________ that the dominant group, which he called the ruling class, used social institutions such as schools to promote ideas, values, and morals that support their dominance.

A) proletariat theory
B) dominant ideology thesis
C) functionalist theory
D) subordinate ideology thesis

Question 20

Although the Brown decision technically mandated an end to segregation in 1954, white resistance to school desegregation took many forms. Which example below was NOT a form of white resistance?

A) segregation academies
B) tokenism
C) busing
D) white flight

Question 21

Due to this, schools in the United States have experienced a dramatic resegregation since the 1990s.

A) de jure segregation
B) de facto segregation
C) Civil Rights Movement
D) none of the above

Question 22

The only branch of federal government that has authority over schools nationwide is:

A) Bureau of Indian Affairs
B) Judicial branch
C) Executive branch
D) Legislative branch

Question 23

Racial resegregation occurs in public schools today due to many factors. Which of the following has NOT directly contributed to resegregation:

A) white flight
B) Miliken v. Bradley decision
C) option of school choice
D) NACCP efforts

Question 24

Counter-histories refer to

A) historical accounts of non-dominant groups.
B) included in all US history textbooks, as required by law
C) educational practices to perpetuate racism
D) inaccurate due to lack of factual evidence

Question 25

Nearly 45% of a school's official budget comes from local funds, primarily personal property taxes. This leads to:

A) wealthy communities with large, high-value properties collecting more property taxes and having more money to direct toward their schools.
B) poor residents in low-income communities being pressured to buy houses even when they cannot afford them.
C) A fair and balanced budget for all schools in all neighborhoods, due to distribution of taxes.
D) greater diversity in schools.

Question 26

In 1991, this writer and activist shocked the nation with his book, Savage Inequalities, which exposed the incomprehensible inequality between public schools in the United States and the fact that these inequities fall along racial and class lines.

A) Jonathan Kozol
B) Martin Bernal
C) Eduardo Bonilla-Silva
D) William Julius Wilson

Question 27

This term refers to the sorting and placement of students into different educational programs, presumably based upon different abilities and prior academic achievement.

A) Profiling
B) Tracking
C) Standardized testing
D) Pooling

Question 28

This term refers to a discrepancy in standardized test scores along racial lines.

A) Stigma
B) Educational reform
C) Civil unrest
D) Achievement gap

Question 29

This is a social-psychological term that refers to the process whereby a person believes what is said about him or her and in response, acts in accordance with such views, which in turn results in a confirmation of the original assumption.

A) Narcissism
B) Internal racism
C) Achievement sabotage
D) Self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 30

Under the No Child Left Behind (2002) education reform bill, schools with low standardized test scores and the neediest students often lose funds and become even less able to meet the needs of their students. Sociologists refer to this as:

A) NCLB theory
B) low stakes testing
C) diversity penalty
D) race neutral education

Question 31

Sociologist Karolyn Tyson coined the this term, which refers to institutionalized practices that result in higher level courses (honors, college prep, AP courses) being disproportionately populated with white students while lower-level courses are disproportionately populated with African American students.

A) Racism
B) Racialized tracking
C) Diversity penalty
D) Discipline gap

Question 32

This is a term that refers to the greater likelihood of African American students to face school suspension for their behavior compared to students of other racial groups.

A) Racism
B) Racialized tracking
C) Diversity penalty
D) Discipline gap

Question 33

Young black men in the United States are more likely to serve in the military than to go to prison.

Question 34

Social and cultural capital does not affect a student's educational environment or experience - will power is the single most powerful factor to educational success.

Question 35

According to the community cultural wealth model, a student of color does not enter school with a deficit, but simply a different set of knowledge and skills that they can draw on and share in order to succeed in the world.

Question 36

The assumption of racial minority intellectual inferiority was overt and widespread throughout US history.

Question 37

Booker T. Washington, amongst other prominent black leaders, encouraged a policy of accommodationism, which posited that blacks could gain more autonomy by cooperating with whites rather than demanding full civil and political rights.

Question 38

According to Goffman, the process of resocialization is more effective outside of total institutions rather than within.

Question 39

Bilingual education, which refers to legally mandated programs that cater to non-English speaking students by providing instruction in both their native language and in English, has come under intense attack in the last 20 years.

Question 40

Primarily due to federal funding directed to disadvantaged students, the late 1970s and 1980s witnessed many improvements in education including a decrease in the achievement gap, funding gap, and racial segregation.

Question 41

Higher-level courses in school, such as honors and advanced placement courses, are disproportionately composed of white students.

Question 42

When sociologists investigate standardized test scores, they find that when the federal government directs funds at disadvantaged schools the achievement gap widens.

Question 43

According to Karolyn Tyson's research, the "acting white" phenomenon is found in racially integrated schools, but is not found in predominantly black schools.

Question 44

Research evidence finds that school choice contributes to the racial integration of schools.

Question 45

What is the achievement gap? How has the No Child Left Behind act increased the achievement gap? Explain the school-to-prison pipeline. How does the discipline gap impact academic achievement?

Question 46

Describe the following sociological perspectives on race and education: social reproduction theory, critical race theory and whiteness. What contributions does each perspective bring to the topic of race in education?

Question 47

Describe how students develop identity in the school environment? Describe three different types of identities developed by members of racial/ethnic minority groups.

Question 48

Summarize the history of race and public education in the United States. Describe the outcome and impact of the two landmark cases Plessy v. Ferguson and Brown v. Board of Education in education.

Question 49

Summarize the history of educational inequality for African Americans in the United States. What predominant ideologies prevented African Americans from equality in education? Describe two ways did African Americans resist this discrimination?

Question 50

Compare and contrast the educational history of the following racial/ethnic minority groups: Asian Americans, Mexican Americans, and Native Americans. In addition, describe at least one example for each group of resistance to educational discrimination.

Question 51

Even though the Brown decision technically mandated an end to segregation in 1954, school desegregation took time and energy to implement. Describe two examples of ways in which desegregation was resisted. Describe the practice of busing and its effectiveness at desegregating schools.

Question 52

Schools today are more segregated than they have been since the late 1960s. Provide at least three reasons for this de facto segregation.

Question 53

Explain how bilingual education, funding inequities, and the practice of tracking affect racial inequality in education.

Question 54

Describe the historical boarding school movement forced upon Native Americans. What systematic practices were engaged to resocialize Native children?

Question 55

Explain why sociologist Mary Pattillo argues that despite the language of "school choice" associated with charter schools, for poor and working class African Americans, the experience is not empowering and instead, they preferred neighborhood schools. How does school choice help perpetuate school segregation?