Deck 10: Traits and Personology Gordon Allport Henry Murray

Question 1

According to Allport,the propriate function of ___________ refers to one's sense of possession and the valuing of others.

A) self-extension
B) self-esteem
C) bodily self
D) self-as-rational-coper

Answer 1

 A

Question 2

Which of the following describes the individual's cardinal disposition(s)?

A) Sherlock Holmes was stubborn, persistent, disorganized, and arrogant, and he was a misogynist.
B) Thomas Jefferson was a man of many talents.
C) King Solomon was known for his wisdom.
D) A well-known boxer was tough in the ring but gentle when he played with his kitten.

Answer 2

 C

Question 3

The number of central dispositions necessary to describe an individual normally ranges between

A) one and four.
B) five and ten.
C) eleven and fourteen.
D) fifteen and twenty.

Answer 3

 B

Question 4

Allport believed that cardinal dispositions

A) are rarely found.
B) do not exist at all in contemporary society.
C) are less influential on behavior than central dispositions.
D) describe groups of people rather than individuals.

Question 5

When Dr.Wong wrote a letter of recommendation for one of his students,he used about a half-dozen adjectives to describe her essential personality characteristics.In other words,he listed her

A) cardinal dispositions.
B) tertiary dispositions.
C) central dispositions.
D) secondary dispositions.

Question 6

Allport suggests that the construct of personal disposition is necessary to

A) demonstrate that many traits are shared.
B) express the unique individuality of each person.
C) permit us to make comparisons between individuals.
D) allow for statistical measurements and procedures.

Question 7

According to Allport,the propriate function of ___________ refers to one's sense of pride in the ability to do things.

A) self-as-rational-coper
B) self-esteem
C) bodily self
D) self-extension

Question 8

The propriate function characterized by development of long-term purposes and goals is

A) propriate striving.
B) self-as-rational-coper.
C) self-identity.
D) self-image.

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of propriate functional autonomy?

A) A rat in a maze is sated and no longer hungry, so it stops running through the maze.
B) A person who had to work odd jobs to be able to buy food keeps working after winning a huge amount of money in a lottery.
C) A student is tired of studying, so she goes to sleep even though she is not prepared for the test that she will be taking in the morning.
D) Because his parents have always wanted him to be a doctor, Jordan applies to medical school.

Question 10

The propriate function characterized by an emerging view of oneself as an active problem-solving agent is called

A) self-image.
B) self-extension.
C) propriate striving.
D) self-as-rational-coper.

Question 11

According to Allport,cardinal dispositions

A) are more common in women than in men.
B) change in a discontinuous manner throughout the life span.
C) influence almost every behavior of the individual.
D) are only found in criminals.

Question 12

In order of decreasing influence on behavior,the types of personal dispositions described by Allport are

A) cardinal, central, and secondary.
B) central, cardinal, and secondary.
C) secondary, cardinal, and central.
D) secondary, central, and cardinal.

Question 13

According to a continuity theory of personality,personality

A) does not change.
B) changes qualitatively.
C) changes quantitatively.
D) exists only as a fictional entity.

Question 14

Teresa describes her boyfriend to her therapist.At the beginning of the description,Teresa mentions some of the essential personality traits that her boyfriend usually displays.As the conversation continues,Teresa speaks in more detail about her boyfriend's personality,including his tendencies in particular situations.The latter part of this conversation focused on her boyfriend's

A) affiliation needs.
B) secondary dispositions.
C) central dispositions.
D) defendance needs.

Question 15

Sean is extremely dependent on other people.In fact,his dependency is so pervasive that almost all of Sean's behavior is influenced by it.In other words,Sean's dependency is a

A) cardinal disposition.
B) central disposition.
C) secondary disposition.
D) proprium.

Question 16

Allport's definition of personality reads as follows: "Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those ________ that determine his characteristic behavior and thought."

A) intrapsychic phenomena
B) collective archetypes
C) psychophysical systems
D) response hierarchies

Question 17

Allport refers to the concept of personality as a hypothetical construct because

A) it is an imaginary concept.
B) we cannot observe it directly at the present time.
C) it will never be verifiable.
D) its existence is irrelevant.

Question 18

Allport's concept of the proprium emphasizes

A) responses to the past.
B) forward movement.
C) unconscious factors.
D) instinctual forces.

Question 19

In discontinuity theories,growth

A) represents an accumulation of skills, habits, and discrimination.
B) represents an increase of inputs into the organism.
C) is manifested by radical changes in the structure of personality.
D) is merely quantitative in nature.

Question 20

In Allport's theory,common traits refer to which aspects of personality?

A) Those that are unique to each person
B) Those that allow comparison of individuals within a culture
C) Those that cannot be measured statistically
D) Those that are universal

Question 21

In Murray's theory,a ________ is a force in the brain that organizes our perceptions,understanding,and behavior so that it changes our situation for the better.

A) need
B) drive
C) motive
D) response

Question 22

Murray describes a force from objects or persons within the environment that helps or hinders a person's efforts to reach a goal as a

A) vector.
B) press.
C) variable.
D) need.

Question 23

Omar is a young man who is known for his tenacity and perseverance.When he struggles or fails,he reliably continues to put forth effort.Omar would probably score high on which of Murray's needs?

A) Order
B) Dominance
C) Counteraction
D) Exhibition

Question 24

What is Allport's view of the role of neurosis versus health in personality theory?

A) Neurosis versus health may be seen as a continuous dimension.
B) To understand health, we must understand neurosis.
C) We need a positive rather than a negative definition of health and maturity.
D) Health is best viewed as the absence of neurotic symptoms.

Question 25

Murray defined a proceeding as a

A) mental process that enables us to develop strategies for coping.
B) plan for resolving interpersonal conflicts.
C) short, significant interaction that has a clear beginning and an ending.
D) succession of serials.

Question 26

In Allport's study of racial and religious prejudice,what does he see as contributing to the belief that a group is inferior?

A) The group's inherent inferiority
B) The traits that the minority group develops in trying to adapt
C) The minority group's basic antisocial tendencies
D) The similarity in traits between the minority and the majority group

Question 27

Ray scores high on Murray's need for rejection,which indicates that Ray has a strong tendency to

A) exclude others.
B) feel rejected by others.
C) behave independently.
D) stay away from danger.

Question 28

For Allport,maturity entails a

A) clear understanding of one's past.
B) conscience that dictates what one must do to gain others' approval.
C) plan that encompasses goals and purposes.
D) perseverative functional autonomy.

Question 29

Murray described his study of human lives and the factors that influence them as

A) analytical psychology.
B) personology.
C) psychophysics.
D) individual psychology.

Question 30

A researcher undertakes a nomothetic study,which means that she will be working with

A) single individuals.
B) large groups of subjects.
C) mentally abnormal subjects.
D) healthy subjects.

Question 31

When Debbie realizes that she left her wallet at home and can't pay for her meal at a restaurant,she heaves a sigh,blushes furiously,and stammers as she asked the waiter if she can speak to the manager.Which of the preceding LEAST illustrates the expressive aspects of Debbie's behavior?

A) Heaving a sigh
B) Blushing furiously
C) Stammering
D) Asking to speak to the manager

Question 32

Which of the following is defined on Murray's list as the need to relate to others?

A) Counteraction
B) Dominance
C) Autonomy
D) Affiliation

Question 33

One of Allport's findings regarding the relationship between religious attitudes and prejudice is that

A) both intrinsic and extrinsic attitudes correlate with a high degree of prejudice.
B) neither an intrinsic nor an extrinsic attitude correlates with prejudice.
C) an extrinsic attitude is correlated with prejudice, whereas an intrinsic attitude is not.
D) an intrinsic attitude is correlated with prejudice, whereas an extrinsic attitude is not.

Question 34

Enrique,a slight,weak eight-year-old,unconsciously seeks as friends other boys who are strong,helpful,and sympathetic.On Murray's list of needs,Enrique would probably score high on which of the following?

A) Dominance
B) Aggression
C) Order
D) Succorance

Question 35

Studies such as Allport's analysis of the letters from Jenny are characteristic of which type of approach?

A) Contemporary trait
B) Idiographic
C) Multidimensional
D) Nomothetic

Question 36

What was Murray's purpose in creating the concept of a proceeding?

A) To enrich the study of personality by eliminating unnecessary data.
B) To separate the total behavior of a person into identifiable and manageable units.
C) To simplify the study of personality by limiting it to behaviors conducted alone.
D) To illustrate the complexity of personality and behavior.

Question 37

Ana is beginning to develop a sense that she is measuring up to the expectations of those around her.In other words,she is engaging in Allport's propriate function of

A) bodily self.
B) self-identity.
C) self-image.
D) propriate striving.

Question 38

Megan,a sixteen-year-old,refuses to be seen in public with her parents because she is so concerned about being embarrassed in front of her friends.On Murray's list of needs,Megan would probably score high on which of the following?

A) Abasement
B) Counteraction
C) Infavoidance
D) Succorance

Question 39

A teenage boy begins to drink alcohol as an act of rebellion against his parents.As an adult,he continues to drink,even though his parents have passed away.His adulthood drinking exemplifies

A) perseverative functional autonomy.
B) propriate functional autonomy.
C) dominance needs.
D) play needs.

Question 40

Allport would describe addictions and compulsive,repetitive activities with the term

A) propriate functional autonomy.
B) propriate strivings.
C) perseverative functional autonomy.
D) perseverative strivings.

Question 41

Evaluate Murray's theory in terms of its function as philosophy,science,and art.

Question 42

Discuss the concept of functional autonomy.

Question 43

Evaluate Allport's theory in terms of its function as philosophy,science,and art.

Question 44

In the study of personality,Murray advocated a(n) ________ approach,which was unprecedented.

A) historical
B) interdisciplinary
C) philosophical
D) pragmatic

Question 45

Explain how Murray studied human needs.Identify Murray's twenty basic human needs.

Question 46

Describe the Thematic Apperception Test.

Question 47

Discuss Allport's definition of personality.

Question 48

Describe the study of personology as defined by Murray.

Question 49

Explain what is meant by the term press and give examples.

Question 50

Distinguish between nomothetic and idiographic approaches to the study of personality and give examples of each.

Question 51

Distinguish among three levels of personal dispositions.

Question 52

What testing procedure is used in the administration of the TAT?

A) The person answers multiple-choice questions.
B) The person is asked to make up stories about ambiguous pictures.
C) The person has to draw a house, a person, and a tree.
D) The person is asked to interpret a series of inkblots.

Question 53

Yigal moved to another neighborhood when he perceived,as a result of news reports he read and incidents he saw,that his neighborhood was no longer safe.Murray would argue that the factor most responsible for Yigal's move is

A) beta press.
B) a need for achievement.
C) a need for play.
D) a need for nurturance.

Question 54

A psychologist is administering an assessment technique to a client.The psychologist shows the client cards with ambiguous scenes on them.The client makes up stories to go along with each card.This assessment technique is most likely the

A) Rorschach Inkblot Technique.
B) Thematic Apperception Test.
C) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.
D) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.

Question 55

Explain Allport's distinction between continuity and discontinuity theories of personality.

Question 56

Explain why Allport coined the term proprium.

Question 57

Explain how common traits differ from personal dispositions.

Question 58

Describe Allport's definition of maturity.

Question 59

A well-known assessment device developed by Murray is the

A) Draw-a-Person Test.
B) Multiphasic Personality Inventory.
C) Thematic Apperception Test.
D) Rorschach Inkblot Test.

Question 60

Identify the units by which Murray suggests behavior can be studied.

Question 61

Could a high score on one of the needs on Murray's list underlie a particular psychological disorder? If so,can you identify a particular need that could lead to a particular psychological disorder?

Question 62

Allport's concept of functional autonomy sparked a great deal of controversy and criticism.Discuss what might be so controversial about the construct.

Question 63

Both Allport and Murray emphasized the need for an interdisciplinary approach to the study of personality.What contributions to the understanding of personality can be made by disciplines such as literature,anthropology,history,and mythology?

Question 64

Murray acknowledged that needs,which come from within the individual,and press,which comes from outside the individual,can both contribute to human behavior.In your opinion,which influences behavior more strongly?

Question 65

Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of projective personality tests such as Murray's TAT.