Deck 5: The Ottoman Empire and Egypt During the Era of the Tanzimat

Question 1

Which of the following is not true of the Tanzimat period?

A) It began in 1839 and ended in 1876
B) It was a reformist period
C) Inspiration for reforms came from the sultans
D) Secondary schools and European-style courts were established

Answer 1

C

Question 2

What best describes the "Eastern Question"?

A) The practice of dispelling Western ideals from a society
B) The practice of adopting the European model for developing institutions
C) A pattern of diplomacy that developed among European powers to address the collective political, territorial, and diplomatic problems posed by the waning Ottoman Empire
D) None of these answers is correct

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Namik Kemal, who insisted that all Ottomans ought to feel a sense of territorial patriotism-and wrote a play, Fatherland, to this effect-was a prominent member of a group of young intellectuals known as

A) The French knowers.
B) The mutasarrifiyyah.
C) The derebeys
D) The Young Ottomans.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

How did the Ottoman Empire cover its annual budget deficits in the nineteenth century?

A) It dismantled its armies
B) It took out loans from Europe
C) It developed cotton as a cash crop
D) None of these answers is correct

Question 5

What export fueled-though, not indefinitely-Isma'il's European-styled expenditures in Egypt?

A) Weaponry
B) Tea
C) Rice
D) Cotton

Question 6

When Fuad Pasha arrived in Damascus in 1860, he meant to make certain that Muslims responsible for massacring Christians were punished. He did this to forestall ___________________.

A) direct European intervention in the crisis
B) a counter attack from the Christian population
C) the restoration of Ottoman order
D) None of these answers is correct.

Question 7

Between Britain, Russia, and France, what principle was central to Eastern Question diplomacy?

A) Unilateral advantage
B) Division of Ottoman spoils
C) The balance of power
D) None of these answers is correct.

Question 8

Which of the following was a way in which Russia attempted to expand into Ottoman territory?

A) By allying itself with the Balkan independence movements
B) By using its religious ties with the Ottoman Empire's Greek Orthodox subjects to gain influence
C) By engaging in direct warfare against Ottoman armies
D) All of these answers are correct

Question 9

Ahmad Urabi, an Egyptian of peasant origins who had risen to the rank of colonel in the army, was known in some circles as ___________________.

A) Egypt's first king
B) Egypt's first president
C) Egypt's first nationalist hero
D) Egypt's last reformer

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT true of the Urabi movement?

A) Popular support for the movement never materialized; it was a cause for the European-educated elite
B) The movement aimed to eliminate foreign control of Egypt's finances
C) The movement's rallying cry was, "Egypt for the Egyptians"
D) The movement had support among the army, groups of reformist notables, and the peasantry.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes Egypt's Mixed Courts?

A) Courts that were established under Isma'il to help protect Egyptians from the terms of the Capitulations
B) Courts designed to ensure that foreigners were granted extraterritorial legal privileges as per the terms of the Capitulations
C) Courts established to deal with cases involving multiple religious groups from within the Ottoman Empire
D) Courts established under Fuad Pasha to deal with cases involving Ottoman subjects from diverse provinces of the empire

Question 12

What new initiatives made the Hatt-i Sharif (1839) and the Hatt-i Hümayun (1956) decrees so remarkable?

A) They outlined unprecedented administrative reforms
B) They promised to abolish the tax farming system
C) They promised to eliminate the endemic corruption that had crippled the efficiency of Ottoman governance
D) They promised to extend the reforms to all Ottoman subjects, regardless of religion

Question 13

In which of the following ways did the Young Ottomans seek to reconcile indigenous Ottoman political thought with European ideas?

A) Through the Islamic idea of democracy through consultation
B) By arguing that national unity through secularism was not at odds with true Ottoman patriotism
C) By arguing that Islam had become irrelevant
D) None of these answers is correct. The Young Ottomans rejected ideas and politics derived from Europe

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a strategy through which Russia attempted to expand into the Ottoman Empire?

A) Exploiting its religious ties with Greek Orthodox subjects of the Ottoman Empire to gain influence in internal affairs
B) Allying itself on the basis of common religious and Slavic bonds with Balkan independence movements to become the Great Power patron of potential new states
C) Direct warfare against the armies of the Ottoman Empire
D) All of these were Russian strategies for expansion

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the central objective of Isma'il the Magnificent's policies?

A) The achievement of Egyptian economic independence from Europe
B) The slowing down of Egypt's rapid Europeanization, which had been initiated by his predecessors
C) The reassertion of Islamic values that had been lost during the reign of his grandfather, Muhammad Ali
D) The complete Europeanization of Egypt in as short of time as possible

Question 16

Which of the following features did the Austrians have in common with the Ottomans more so than with other Great Powers in Europe?

A) The Ottomans and Austrians both ruled over multiethnic empires increasingly threatened by nationalist movements
B) The Austrians traced some of their ancestry back to Turks
C) The Austrians were trying to reconcile secular nationalism with religious rule
D) None of these answers is correct; the Austrians shared much more in common with Western Europeans than with the Ottomans

Question 17

Which of the following best explains significance of the mutasarrifiyyah?

A) After Sunnis and Druze attacked Christians as a response to Ibrahim's reforms, Europeans established this political unit to be governed by a non-Lebanese Christian subject
B) Ibrahim's political response to Christians refusing to give up arms after sectarian strife had gotten out of hand
C) Part of Ibrahim's implementation of Tanzimat reforms meant to overcome historic sectarian strife, thereby helping Druze, Christians, and Sunnis live in harmony
D) All of these answers are correct

Question 18

Which of the following does NOT indicate the significance of the Ottoman Constitution of 1876?

A) It was inspired by European political ideas of nationalism
B) It reaffirmed the equality of all Ottoman subjects
C) It limited the sultan's power
D) It was a proclamation of Ottoman patriotism

Question 19

In which of the following ways was Egypt's economy increasingly connected to Britain's in the late nineteenth century?

A) The American Civil War drove Britain to purchase even more cotton from Egypt
B) The Suez Canal was funded in great part by Egypt's export of cotton to Britain
C) The Suez Canal greatly eased access of Britain to its colonies in South Asia
D) All of these answers are correct

Question 20

Which of the following groups were negatively impacted by the nineteenth century Tanzimat reforms?

A) Religious scholars and shaykhs that trained at traditional religious institutions like Al-Azhar
B) Janissaries and Mamluks, who were destroyed altogether
C) The Egyptian fellahin
D) All of these groups were negatively impacted by the Tanzimat

Question 21

The intent of the two Tanzimat decrees-the Hatt-i Sharif of Gulhane and the Hatt-i Humayan-was to create a notion of a common Ottoman citizenship by guaranteeing the equality of all Ottoman subjects.

Question 22

The Young Ottomans believed that the loyalty one held to a religious community was greater than the loyalty one held to a state or territory.

Question 23

Egypt's Isma'il the Magnificent made every attempt to blend his reformist programs into the long-standing Egyptian-Islamic traditions.

Question 24

In 1876, Egypt, like the Ottoman Empire, suspended interest payments on its loans from Europe, essentially declaring bankruptcy.

Question 25

In the Ottoman Empire of the nineteenth century, graduates of Islamic schools had no difficulties obtaining positions in European-modeled administrations.

Question 26

Two royal decrees-the Hatt-i Sharif of Gulhane, which promised tax and conscription reforms for all Ottoman subjects, regardless of their religion; and the Hatt-i Humayan, which guarantied the equality of all subjects in terms of state employment and school admissions-defined the very essence of the __________________ period.

Question 27

In the early nineteenth century, the __________ and the Maronite Christians shared political power in Mount Lebanon.

Question 28

In 1852, Egypt completed the first ___________ between Cairo and Alexandria.

Question 29

Because of its isolation from administrative control, Mount __________________ in Greater Syria served as a place of dissident religious groups, including Maronite Christians and the Druze.

Question 30

Isma'il's __________________ existed to protect Egyptians from foreigners in disputed civil and commercial cases, whereas before, foreign nationals were sheltered from Egyptian law.

Question 31

What reforms or changes did the Ottoman Empire issue during the Tanzimat period?

Question 32

What did the Young Ottomans represent?

Question 33

When the Ottoman Empire could not make its loan payments to Europe, how did European diplomats resolve the crisis and protect European creditors?

Question 34

Reforms in nineteenth-century Ottoman Empire and Egypt possessed an institutional dualism in Middle Eastern society; most traditional institutions were retained alongside the newly established ones. Provide several examples of this pattern.

Question 35

What are some ways in which Isma'il's rule over Egypt differed from that of Muhammad Ali?

Question 36

How do the events of the Crimean War (1854-1856) personify the commitment of the European powers to Eastern Question diplomacy?

Question 37

How did Ottoman notables take advantage of the Ottoman land code of 1858?

Question 38

What caused the outbreak of the Urabi Revolt (1879-1882)?

Question 39

How was the career development of Rashid Pasha characteristic of other leading Ottoman politicians of his time?

Question 40

In what ways did the Tanzimat disrupt longstanding social and political arrangements in Greater Syria?

Question 41

How were the mid-nineteenth century reforms in the Ottoman Empire and Egypt financed? What were the consequences of this financing?

Question 42

In what ways did the mid-nineteenth century reforms in the Ottoman Empire and Egypt lead to institutional dualism in Middle Eastern Society? What were the implications of the dualism?