Deck 9: Education and Achievement

Question 1

In a recent study of diverse high school seniors, which group was most apt to have well-developed plans to attend college?

A) Middle-class males
B) Working-class males
C) Girls, regardless of social class
D) All groups have equally well-developed plans

Answer 1

C

Question 2

In all ethnic groups examined, women, compared to men, earn the majority of:

A) bachelor's degrees.
B) master's degrees.
C) doctoral degrees.
D) all of the above

Answer 2

D

Question 3

As of 2011-2012, women earned approximately ______ percent of doctoral and professional degrees.

A) 25
B) 50
C) 65
D) 80

Answer 3

B

Question 4

At least two-thirds of graduates from schools of __________ and __________ now are women.

A) medicine; dentistry
B) law; theology
C) veterinary medicine; pharmacy
D) all of the above

Question 5

Which of the following is true of scores on standardized achievement tests?

A) Boys now are scoring lower than they did in the past years.
B) Girls have improved their scores compared to past years.
C) Black and Latino boys are outperforming Black and Latina girls
D) Low-income boys are now doing as well as middle-income boys.

Question 6

The gender gap in degrees conferred is most pronounced for which ethnic group?

A) Asian Americans
B) Blacks
C) Latinos/as
D) Whites

Question 7

Compared to men with disabilities, women with disabilities:

A) are more likely to graduate from high school.
B) are more likely to attend college.
C) are less likely to receive vocational training.
D) all of the above

Question 8

Worldwide, ______ of countries still have a gender gap at the primary school level.

A) one-third
B) one-half
C) two-thirds
D) three-fourths

Question 9

Which is/are true of education for girls around the world?

A) Since 1985, access to education has become more limited, especially for girls at the primary school level.
B) Gender disparities in education are greatest in Eastern Europe.
C) Females who complete high school have fewer and healthier children.
D) a and b

Question 10

Studies of education around the world show that educating girls can result in:

A) reduced societal gender inequality.
B) healthier children.
C) a lowering of the birth rate.
D) all of the above

Question 11

Research on the chilly campus climate has shown that:

A) the use of sexist language by faculty members no longer occurs either in or out of the classroom.
B) sexist or racist humor is not considered to be part of a chilly campus climate.
C) ethnic minority women experience more of a chilly climate than do White women.
D) a and b

Question 12

Which of the following statements about chilly climate is true?

A) It reflects gender inequality of power.
B) It focuses only on women's appearance and sexuality.
C) It focuses only on female intellectual competencies.
D) all of the above statements are true

Question 13

The text discusses several problems that can negatively affect the academic environment for women of color. These include:

A) lack of academic support.
B) individualistic climate.
C) stereotype threat.
D) all of the above

Question 14

Subtle forms of humiliation and bias, such as making assumptions about intelligence based on sex or race are labeled:

A) stereotype threat.
B) fear of success.
C) microaggressions.
D) self-serving attributional bias

Question 15

According to some scholars, advantages of all-women's colleges, compared to mixed-gender institutions, include:

A) a focus on female-dominated professions such as nursing and teaching.
B) easier curriculum.
C) closer student-faculty relationships.
D) a and b

Question 16

Women in women's colleges, compared to women in mixed-gender institutions,

A) report higher levels of support.
B) are less likely to pursue male-dominated fields, such as physical sciences and mathematics.
C) have less opportunity for leadership roles.
D) all of the above

Question 17

In 2007-2008, which of the following academic fields was/were not dominated by females?

A) psychology
B) education
C) physical sciences
D) English

Question 18

The text suggests that several factors can explain women's low participation rate in computer science and engineering. Which of the following is not one of these?

A) poor mathematics skills
B) little encouragement to develop math and science skills
C) lack of female role models
D) discrimination

Question 19

Which statement about career counseling is/are true?

A) There is gender bias in vocational interest inventories.
B) In the 1960's and 1970's career counseling tended to steer girls and women toward traditionally female careers.
C) Currently, most girls are encouraged by their counselors to take advanced science and math courses.
D) a and b

Question 20

Which of the following reflects college women's most common preference for employment and family?

A) marriage and children prior to employment
B) interruption of employment for a few years for child rearing
C) continuous employment with short (12-week) maternity leaves for childbearing
D) no employment; marriage and children only

Question 21

Which of the following statements best reflects research conclusions regarding college men's thoughts about combining employment and family?

A) The majority of men are worried that they cannot adequately combine the two roles.
B) The majority of men do not want to have children.
C) The majority of men do not think about connections between the two roles.
D) The majority of men would prefer to stay home while their wives are employed.

Question 22

Which of the following statements about Black and White college women's work-family expectations and preferences is/are correct?

A) Black women, compared to White women, prefer longer employment interruptions for childrearing.
B) Black women, more than White women, believe that maternal employment is harmful to children.
C) White women, compared to Black women, are more likely to view employment as an integral aspect of their identity.
D) none of the above

Question 23

Which of the following statements about the salary expectations of college students is/are correct?

A) Women and men expect similar salaries.
B) Men expect higher salaries than do women, regardless of their major.
C) Women expect higher salaries than do men, regardless of their major.
D) Women in female-dominated fields expect higher salaries than do men in those fields.

Question 24

Which of the following statements about fear of success is not true?

A) As originally defined, fear of success was a motive to avoid situations involving high achievement.
B) As originally defined, fear of success was another term for fear of failure.
C) It is now believed that the original measurement of fear of success actually examined awareness of negative consequences stemming from the violation of gender stereotypes.
D) Recent research has failed to find reliable gender differences in fear of success.

Question 25

Which of the following statements reflects current conclusions about influences on achievement?

A) Women are not as highly motivated to excel as men.
B) Women have greater fear of success than men.
C) Women show greater self-confidence in reading and English tasks than in mathematics tasks.
D) Women show higher confidence when performance estimates are made publicly rather than privately.

Question 26

The self-serving attributional bias is:

A) Blaming yourself for your failures, but attributing your successes to external factors
B) Attributing both your successes and failures to external factors
C) Taking responsibility for your successes, but attributing your failures to external factors
D) Taking responsibility for both your successes and failures

Question 27

The current view about gender differences in achievement attributions is that:

A) gender differences are small.
B) in male-related domains, females are more likely than males to attribute their success to ability.
C) males are more likely than females to attribute their success in languages to ability.
D) all of the above

Question 28

A recent meta-analysis by Amy Mezulis and her colleagues indicates what trend in the self-serving attributional bias starting in early adolescence?

A) a marked decline for females, but not males
B) a marked decline for males, but not females
C) a marked decline for both females and males
D) a marked increase for both females and males

Question 29

Females tend to show lower self-confidence than males do:

A) in all types of achievement situations.
B) in male-linked achievement domains.
C) when self-confidence is expressed privately rather than publicly.
D) all of the above

Question 30

Which of the following personal traits is/are more common among women who select male-dominated careers than in those who select female-dominated ones?

A) traditional gender attitudes
B) autonomy
C) nurturance
D) a and b

Question 31

Which of the following personal and family characteristics is/are associated with women's career aspirations?

A) parental support
B) egalitarian gender attitudes
C) self-efficacy
D) all of the above

Question 32

Research on cultural factors related to career aspirations suggests all of the following except that:

A) some Native American women experience conflict between their high aspirations and cultural values that discourage the attainment of a college education.
B) many Black women want to help their communities through their own achievements.
C) more White than Black women feel a sense of obligation to their families.
D) families of working-class women tend to express traditional gender attitudes.

Question 33

Gender differences in job characteristics highly valued by college students include that:

A) females were more likely than males to value respecting collegues.
B) females were more likely than males to value flexibility working hours.
C) males were more likely than females to value earnings and promotions.
D) all of the above

Question 34

Compare women and men on their educational attainment and career aspirations.

Question 35

Is there a "boy crisis" in education? Discuss the evidence for and against this view.

Question 36

A significant minority of countries continue to educate more boys than girls. Discuss the benefits that result from educating girls.

Question 37

Discuss the meaning of and evidence for a chilly classroom climate for women.

Question 38

Indicate the benefits of women's colleges. Can you think of any disadvantages?

Question 39

Discuss special issues experienced in the pursuit of a college education by women of color, poor and working-class women, and women with disabilities.

Question 40

Discuss the conflict experienced by some students of color between individualistic values on campus and collectivistic values of their culture.

Question 41

Discuss the oppressive educational climate for girls and women in parts of Pakistan, Nigeria, and Afghanistan.

Question 42

Discuss college women's work-family expectations and their salary expectations.

Question 43

Describe the concept of "fear of success". Give a definition and summarize current conclusions regarding gender differences.

Question 44

Discuss research evidence on relationships between career aspirations and personal characteristics, sexual orientation, and social and cultural factors.