Deck 15: What Should We Do part II?

Question 1

According to the useage in the text, "ethics/ethical" and "morality/ moral" are

A) antonyms.
B) stylistic variants of each other.
C) ways of distinguishing between objective versus subjective approaches to right and wrong.
D) ways of referring to ethical theory, on one hand, and moral theory on the other.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Legality and morality

A) never correspond.
B) sometimes correspond.
C) always correspond.
D) are unrelated to one another.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

__________ wrote, "The notion that aid can alleviate systemic poverty, and has done so, is a myth. Millions in Africa are poorer today because of aid; misery and poverty have not ended but increased. Aid has been, and continues to be, an unmitigated political, economic, and humanitarian disaster for most parts of the developing world."

A) Peter Singer
B) Kwame Anthony Appiah
C) Dambisa Moyo
D) Norman Davies

Answer 3

C

Question 4

__________ wrote, "I can see no escape from the conclusion that each one of us with wealth surplus to his or her essential needs should be giving most of it to help people suffering from poverty so dire as to be life-threatening. That's right: I'm saying that you shouldn't buy that new car, take that cruise, redecorate the house or get that pricey new suit. . . . The formula is simple: whatever money you're spending on luxuries, not necessities, should be given away."

A) Peter Singer
B) Kwame Anthony Appiah
C) Dambisa Moyo
D) Norman Davies

Question 5

Regarding giving to charities, Singer's position is that

A) it's socially praiseworthy to give money to effective charities.
B) it's morally praiseworthy to give money to effective charities.
C) if the typical citizen of a rich country fails to give money to effective charities, she should be socially shamed.
D) if the typical citizen of a rich country fails to give money to effective charities, she leads an immoral life.

Question 6

According to Singer, the amount of money one is morally required to give to charities is

A) nothing: giving to charities is not a moral issue.
B) whatever amount has no noticeable effect on one's own life.
C) whatever amount allows one to still live a pleasant, comfortable life.
D) whatever amount one spends on things that are not necessary.

Question 7

Although Appiah agrees with Singer that the world's richest inhabitants are duty bound to aid its poorest inhabitants, he disagrees with Singer insofar as he believes that this duty is

A) limited: the world's richest people, in general, deserve most of their wealth.
B) subjective: the world's richest people must determine for themselves and their family what seems fair to them.
C) collective: the world's richest people have a shared duty to aid its poorest.
D) nationalistic: the world's richest people ought to aid the poorest in their own countries.

Question 8

__________ wrote, "If so many people in the world are not doing their share-and they clearly are not-it seems to me that I cannot be re?quired to derail my life to take up the slack."

A) Peter Singer
B) Kwame Anthony Appiah
C) Dambisa Moyo
D) Norman Davies

Question 9

Appiah rejects which of the following premises of Singer's argument?

A) Suffering and death from lack of food, shelter, and medical care are very bad.
B) By donating to aid agencies, the typical citizen of a wealthy country can prevent suffering and death from lack of food, shelter, and medical care without sacrificing anything nearly as important.
C) If it is in a person's power to prevent something very bad from happening without sacrificing anything nearly as important, it is wrong for him or her not to do so.
D) If the typical citizen of a wealthy country does not donate to aid agencies, he or she is doing something wrong.

Question 10

People who don't think that it is wrong to buy and eat meat, but that it is wrong to buy meat from producers who treat animals inhumanely, are sometimes called

A) conscientious omnivores.
B) moderate vegetarians.
C) humane carnivores.
D) All of the above

Question 11

In general, the argument for vegetarianism in the text rests on which of the following premises?

A) It's wrong to harm animals.
B) It's wrong to inflict horrible suffering on animals.
C) It's wrong to use animals as means to our ends.
D) All of the above

Question 12

A naturalistic property is any property that

A) can be described in the language of science.
B) is grounded in nature, rather being socially constructed.
C) is morally irrelevant.
D) All of the above

Question 13

If two actions or situations are morally different, then they must differ in their

A) moral properties.
B) naturalistic properties
C) morally relevant properties
D) morally relevant, naturalistic properties.

Question 14

In determining the justification or lack of justification for abortion, the text focuses on whether the child/fetus

A) is alive.
B) has rights.
C) possesses consciousness.
D) All of the above

Question 15

One problem with using consciousness as the morally relevant naturalistic property in abortion cases is that

A) science is not able to determine precisely when consciousness arises, so it is not a naturalistic property.
B) it can often conflict with a woman's absolute right to her own body.
C) it seems important to consider not only whether a fetus/child possesses consciousness, but also whether it will possess consciousness in the future.
D) consciousness is a disputed concept, particularly among materialists.

Question 16

Arguments based on morally relevant naturalistic properties tend to support

A) pro-life positions.
B) pro-choice positions.
C) neither pro-life not pro-choice positions.
D) both pro-life and pro-choice positions.

Question 17

In Judith Jarvis Thomson's argument for abortion, she uses an analogy between a fetus and a(n)

A) violinist.
B) hamster.
C) child.
D) oyster.

Question 18

In the text's terminology, the "extreme pro-life position" is one where

A) the pro-life advocate goes beyond what any argument can justify.
B) the pro-life advocate's argument puts forward a morally dubious claim.
C) abortion is morally wrong in most cases.
D) abortion is always morally wrong.

Question 19

Which of the following is not a naturalistic property?

A) Having a mass of 80 kilograms
B) Having a blood pressure of 120/70
C) Being angry
D) Being wise

Question 20

"Suppose that you realize that some tragedy will or may befall some other people. You can help, but there are other people who are also in a position to help. Then you are obliged to do no more than your fair share." The text refers to this principle as

A) Appiah's fair share principle.
B) Appiah's obligation principle.
C) Appiah's Tragedy of the Commons principle.
D) the Appiah principle.

Question 21

The text criticizes the claim that it is always morally wrong to kill an innocent person based on

A) the relative character of moral rules.
B) the intangible (non-natural) character of human "rights."
C) self-defense.
D) All of the above

Question 22

According to the text, malnutrition relates to the argument for meat-eating insofar as

A) it shows complete vegetarianism is unhealthy.
B) it shows some meats are of dietary necessity.
C) it has been illegitimately used to criticize vegetarianism.
D) All of the above

Question 23

__________ believed that there is nothing wrong with "going to the opera when children are dying"

A) Peter Singer
B) Kwame Anthony Appiah
C) Dambisa Moyo
D) Norman Davies

Question 24

Summarize Peter Singer's case for his claim that "whatever money you're spending on luxuries, not necessities, should be given away."

Question 25

Summarize the argument from pain against eating meat, as well as any responses a meat-eater might make against it.

Question 26

Explain what a conscientious omnivore is, including its relation to both eating and buying meat.

Question 27

Using examples, explain the following claim: "If two actions or situations are morally different, then they must also differ in their morally relevant, naturalistic properties."

Question 28

After summarizing Judith Jarvis Thomson's story about the violinist, explain its relevance to the abortion debate.