Question 1

Which of the following is not a component of routine activities theory?&#10;A) motivated offender&#10;B) low self-control&#10;C) suitable target&#10;D) absence of capable guardian

Accepted Answer

Routine activities theory does not include the concept of low self-control, which is instead a key component of self-control theory. The other three components - motivated offender, suitable target, and absence of capable guardian - are all central to routine activities theory's explanation of crime.

Question 2

Which of the following is not a type of strain identified in Agnew's general strain theory?&#10;A) failure to achieve positively valued goals&#10;B) presence of negative stimuli&#10;C) strain from achieving positively valued goals&#10;D) the removal of positively valued stimuli

Accepted Answer

Agnew's general strain theory identifies three main types of strain: failure to achieve positively valued goals, presence of negative stimuli, and the removal of positively valued stimuli. The strain from achieving positively valued goals is not identified as a type of strain in this theory.

Question 3

Which of the following is the source of low self-control in the general theory of crime?&#10;A) ineffective parenting&#10;B) school instructors&#10;C) peer groups&#10;D) neighbors

Accepted Answer

According to the general theory of crime, ineffective parenting is the source of low self-control. Parents who fail to provide discipline and supervision can contribute to their children's inability to control their impulses and desires, leading to criminal behavior.

Question 4

Akers' dynamic process of social learning begins with which of the following elements?&#10;A) differential associations&#10;B) differential definitions&#10;C) differential reinforcement&#10;D) imitation

Accepted Answer

Akers' dynamic process of social learning begins with differential associations, which refers to the frequency and intensity of exposure to definitions favorable or unfavorable towards deviant behavior.

Question 5

Generally speaking, if a criminal suggests that their victim was asking for it, they are applying which technique of neutralization?&#10;A) denial of responsibility&#10;B) denial of injury&#10;C) condemnation of the condemners&#10;D) denial of victim

Accepted Answer

The technique of neutralization known as denial of victim involves the offender suggesting that the victim was not truly a victim or that they somehow deserved or provoked the crime. This is often seen in cases of victim blaming or when an offender claims that their actions were justified by the victim's behavior.

Question 6

What theory has been integrated with routine activities theory to account for individual differences in the risk of victimization?&#10;A) low self-control&#10;B) general strain theory&#10;C) subcultural theory&#10;D) none of these

Accepted Answer

Low self-control theory has been integrated with routine activities theory to account for individual differences in the risk of victimization. Low self-control includes impulsiveness, self-centeredness, and a lack of consideration for others, which can increase the likelihood of engaging in risky behaviors and encountering situations where victimization may occur. This theory has been shown to have significant predictive power in explaining victimization.

Question 7

What theory consideres the decision-making processes of offenders and views the likelihood of offending as a judgement of risk relative to offending rewards?&#10;A) general strain theory&#10;B) social learning&#10;C) subucultural theory&#10;D) deterrence theory

Accepted Answer

Deterrence theory views offending as a decision-making process where the offender weighs the potential rewards of the crime against the potential costs. It suggests that the likelihood of offending can be reduced by increasing the perceived costs of the crime, such as through deterrence measures like incarceration.

Deck 8: Cybercrime and Criminological Theories