Deck 6: Sexism and Racism

Question 1

Which of the following statements corresponds to Cudd and Jones' ultimate definition of sexism?

A) institutional preference for men over women
B) anything that creates, promoted, sustains, or exploits a distinction between the sexes based on biological differences
C) pernicious distinctions between the sexes in institutional or interpersonal settings
D) a historically and globally pervasive form of oppression against women

Answer 1

D

Question 2

What type of sexism holds that while women, as a group, are capable of performing a particular job, no individual woman is?

A) intrinsic sexism
B) extrinsic sexism
C) individual extrinsic sexism
D) intentional extrinsic sexism

Answer 2

C

Question 3

What is "the man standard"?

A) a standard for experimental medical trials according to which doctors are to use only men as research subjects
B) a shorthand term for what is also called "reverse sexism"
C) accepting the behavior, activities, and attitudes of men to be the human norm.
D) the unconscious desire of many employers to hire and promote men over women.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Equality feminism maintains that which of the following is the primary medium of sexism?

A) ignorance of the equality between men and women
B) ignorance of the differences between men and women
C) social institutions
D) unconscious desires

Question 5

Difference feminism maintains that which of the following is the primary medium of sexism?

A) ignorance of the equality between men and women
B) ignorance of the differences between men and women
C) social institutions
D) unconscious desires

Question 6

What feminist view holds that there are, in fact, differences between men and women?

A) equality feminism
B) difference feminism
C) skeptics
D) defeatists

Question 7

Which of the following best characterizes Garcia's account of racism?

A) Racism consists of the performance of actions with negative consequences for a given race.
B) Racism consists of racially based disregard for the welfare of certain people.
C) Racism consists of the having unjustified beliefs about members of a given race.
D) Only institutions can be racist, not individuals.

Question 8

Garcia tries to accommodate the fact that racist people normally believe in the superiority of their race by claiming that

A) racism is a matter of what one believes and not what one feels.
B) it is logically impossible for a racist person to not have such beliefs.
C) these beliefs are essential to the nature of racism.
D) while these beliefs are not necessary to be racist, they can be used to rationalize one's vicious disregard for another race.

Question 9

The immorality of racism, according to Garcia, ultimately comes from

A) its opposition to the virtues of benevolence and justice.
B) the negative consequences of racist actions.
C) the resulting oppression of human beings with dignity.
D) none of the above

Question 10

Which of the following best characterizes Garcia's view about the relationship between individual and institutional racism?

A) Individual racism is wrong, but institutional racism is not.
B) Individual racism is wrong because it perpetuates institutional racism.
C) Institutional racism is wrong because it results from individual racism.
D) Individual and institutional racism are both wrong, but they involve fundamentally different kinds of racism.

Question 11

Garcia discusses a case where a white and a black person are in a burning building, only one can be saved, and a hero saves the white person because of his race. The moral problem with this action, according to Garcia, is that

A) it is based on a vicious disregard for the black person.
B) it is the result of beliefs about the superiority of the white race.
C) it is based on deliberation that gives too much weight to a relatively unimportant consideration.
D) it is causally sufficient for the death of the black person, and thus is equivalent to murder.

Question 12

If there are really no such things as "races," then Garcia would agree that

A) one could still make distinctions based on racial classifications, and this could allow for racism.
B) there can be no such thing as racism per se.
C) denying the existence of racism is itself a racist act.
D) all biological categories will have to be invalid as well.

Question 13

According to Tommie Shelby, what is the problem with applying the "stipulative" approach to Garcia's theory of racism?

A) His theory would then entail that racism is not always wrong, and one of Garcia's requirements is that his project explain why racism is always wrong.
B) Doing so would make it too easy for Garcia's account to show that racism is always wrong (because the wrongness becomes a presupposition of his theory).
C) His theory would only account for the history, structure, psychological mechanisms, and social consequences of racism, and thus would lack moral significance.
D) His theory would then entail that other "thick" moral concepts (e.g., "murder") ought to be revised via stipulation.

Question 14

Shelby argues for the following connection between racist beliefs and racism:

A) Racist beliefs are necessary for one to be racist.
B) Racist beliefs are sufficient for one to be racist.
C) both A and B
D) neither A nor B: only racist attitudes are required for one to be racist

Question 15

Which of the following would Shelby consider a racist act?

A) any action that is motivated by racist ideology
B) any action that is an expression of negative feelings toward a racial group
C) any action that is harmful to a member of a minority group
D) any action that is intended to oppress or harm an individual

Question 16

Shelby says that the concept "fornication" can be used to illustrate one obstacle against the "thick concept" approach to moral analysis. This is because

A) there is little historical information about the practice of fornication.
B) the ordinary use of the concept is vague or inconsistent.
C) it is not obvious that fornication is wrong, and so any analysis of it would have to explain why it is wrong.
D) fornication is so common that it is difficult to take an objective stance with respect to it.

Question 17

According to Shelby, ideologies function to

A) remove people's ability to critical reflect on what they belief.
B) generate political divisions among people in democratic societies.
C) degrade the capacity to act rationally or intentionally.
D) establish or reinforce structures of social oppression.

Question 18

Shelby discusses the case of a woman with racist beliefs but a "pure" heart to show that

A) you don't need to have bad feelings toward a race to be racist.
B) having racist beliefs is sufficient for one to be racist.
C) both A and B
D) neither A nor B

Question 19

Elizabeth Anderson argues that

A) we have a moral obligation to formally desegregate.
B) we have a moral obligation to spatially integrate.
C) we have a moral obligation to formally socially integrate.
D) All of the above.

Question 20

According to Anderson, informal social integration is achieved when

A) people of different races cooperate given defined social roles.
B) people of different races engage cooperatively with one another with trust, ease, affiliation, and intimacy.
C) people of different races can inhabit the same spaces under the assumption of equality, so that no person is left out of the space on the basis of race.
D) we have given up the idea that there are distinct races.

Question 21

Anderson argues that spatial segregation

A) diminishes both employment opportunities and investment opportunities for minorities.
B) is important for maintaining the integrity of minority identity.
C) is not problematic since it is the outcome of voluntary choices.
D) is the main problem with segregation.

Question 22

Anderson argues for a comprehensive integrationist agenda that

A) would have political, residential, education, and economic dimensions.
B) would be unnecessarily intrusive on personal freedoms and so is paternalistic.
C) is compatible with right-wing critiques of integration.
D) does not include specific policy recommendations.

Question 23

One way that we can tell that integration is good, according to Anderson, is by seeing that

A) it makes racists angry.
B) it is a requirement of the U.S. Constitution.
C) people who are brought together into integrating living environments go on to choose to live in integrated places.
D) people will voluntarily choose to live in integrated environments regardless of their past life experiences.

Question 24

Anderson is critical of liberal arguments against integration that turn on the notion of

A) utility.
B) harm.
C) freedom.
D) identity.

Question 25

One harm of segregation is, on Anderson's view, that it undermines

A) democracy.
B) freedom.
C) individual rights to life.
D) all of the above.

Question 26

According to Anderson, the point of the moral obligation to integrate is

A) to make recompense for past wrongs.
B) to dismantle a mechanism that promotes unjust, enacted by past illegal state action.
C) to maximize the collective good of the citizens of the nation.
D) All of the above.

Question 27

IAT stands for

A) Implicit Bias Test.
B) Important Bias Test.
C) Incongruent Beliefs Test.
D) Implicit Beliefs Test.

Question 28

Daniel Kelly and Erica Roeder suggest that

A) the only thing that matters for racism is explicit beliefs.
B) implicit racial biases seem to raise the same moral problems as explicitly racist beliefs.
C) Both A and B
D) None of the above.

Question 29

According to Kelly and Roeder, the empirical literature on implicit bias suggests that

A) There is no way to know whether or not implicit biases are morally problematic.
B) Unconscious or implicit beliefs and attitudes do not exist.
C) We cannot know if there the widespread implicit bias.
D) There is widespread implicit racial bias.

Question 30

Difference feminists hold that social institutions are the cause of sexism.

Question 31

According to skeptics of feminist theory, sexism is no longer a problem in Western countries.

Question 32

The term "sexism" was intentionally modeled on "racism."

Question 33

According to Cudd and Jones, there are no cases in which one can be sexist without being culpable.

Question 34

Garcia claims that race-based preferences are always racist.

Question 35

Garcia argues that the core of racism is not a matter of belief but instead a matter of one's desires, hopes, and goals.

Question 36

In Garcia's analysis of racism, a person or institution can be racist only if it actually performs racist actions.

Question 37

Garcia's theory implies that one can be racist without knowing that they are.

Question 38

Tommie Shelby argues that every philosophical inquiry into the nature of racism must show that racism is inherently evil.

Question 39

Shelby argues that racist beliefs are necessary and sufficient for racism (and thus that racist attitudes are not necessary).

Question 40

According to Shelby, racism is fundamentally a kind of ideology.

Question 41

Shelby would agree with Garcia that racism is "in the heart."

Question 42

Elizabeth Anderson thinks that it would be good to integrate even if we are not obligated to do so.

Question 43

Anderson argues that there are five distinct stages of integration.

Question 44

Anderson thinks that left-wing arguments against integration on the basis of "identity politics" fail.

Question 45

According to Anderson, all that it takes to mitigate the detrimental effects on socio-economic opportunity brought about by serration is to formally desegregate.

Question 46

Daniel Kelly and Erica Roeder argue that the extant empirical evidence does not support the view that people generally have implicit racial bias.

Question 47

Kelly and Roeder think that the implicit racial biases raise interesting questions about the ethics of minimally mental attitudes.

Question 48

The results of implicit association tests are often strikingly at odds with their explicitly reported attitudes and beliefs.

Question 49

Kelly and Roeder argue that there is probably nothing wrong with implicit racial bias.

Question 50

_________ sexism refers to invidious sexual inequalities in the explicit rules and implicit norms governing and structuring social institutions.

Question 51

_________ sexism involves interactions between persons who are not governed by explicit rules.

Question 52

_________ sexism refers to the psychological mechanisms and tacit beliefs that create, constitute, promote, sustain, and/or exploit invidious sexual inequalities.

Question 53

_________ feminists hold that social institutions are the result (rather than the cause) of sexism.

Question 54

Racism, according to Garcia, essentially involves our wants, intentions, likes, and dislikes and their distance from moral _________.

Question 55

Garcia claims that the immorality of racism consists in vicious failures in the moral virtues of _________ (i.e., regard for the welfare of others) and justice.

Question 56

Garcia discusses "environmental racism" to give an example of racist discrimination that is not intended to _________ anyone.

Question 57

According to Garcia, racism is an interesting case study in _________ models of wrongdoing, according to which an action is wrong because of the moral disvalue that goes into it rather than the nonmoral values of what comes out of it.

Question 58

According to Tommie Shelby, it is enough for a philosophical inquiry into the nature of racism to have moral _________ (i.e., to reveal what is and isn't morally troublesome about racism).

Question 59

Shelby defines a(n) _________ as a widely accepted illusory system of belief that functions to establish or reinforce structures of social oppression.

Question 60

Shelby discusses a(n) "_________-concept" approach to investigating the nature of racism, which treats the concept of racism as similar to the concept of murder (i.e., the phenomenon is obviously wrong and what it refers to is relatively clear).

Question 61

In response to Garcia, Shelby argues that, in determining whether an individual is racist, it is not enough to know that he or she harbors ill will toward blacks. We must also know why he or she has this ill will, and this, he says, requires learning about his or her _________ about the racial characteristics of black people.

Question 62

Elizabeth Anderson proposes _________ stages of racial integration.

Question 63

Anderson thinks that the U.S. has reached the first stage of racial integration, _________ desegregation.

Question 64

Anderson proposes an integration-based argument for _________ action.

Question 65

Spatial and Social segregation costs economic opportunity in the form of _________ capital.

Question 66

Segregation, on Anderson's view, always involves a _________ harm because it always has a disrespectful expressive point.

Question 67

One way that Daniel Kelly and Erica Roeder describe implicit attitudes is in terms of _________ unconscious beliefs.

Question 68

Results of implicit bias tests are often at odds with _________ attitudes, intentions, and beliefs.

Question 69

Even if implicit racial biases are morally wrong to have, Kelly and Roedder say it would take further work to clarify if a person is _________ for having them.