Deck 12: Emotions, Aggression, and Stress

Question 1

Much of the research on emotion indicates that each of the three responses to emotional stimuli-the perception, the experience, and the expression of the emotion-

A) is independent of the other two.
B) influences only one of the other two.
C) influences the other two.
D) occurs in sequence.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The Schachter and Singer theory of emotion is also called the _______ theory because first circumstances provoke autonomic arousal, and then arousal is attributed to a specific emotion based on context.

A) stimulus-perception
B) two-factor
C) physiological-cognitive
D) experience-interpretation

Answer 2

B

Question 3

According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions, people with severe spinal cord injuries would

A) experience the same emotions that others do.
B) experience only intense fear.
C) experience emotions through the vascular system.
D) not experience emotion.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The James-Lange theory of emotions argued that emotions are the

A) perception of bodily changes provoked by particular stimuli.
B) perception of bodily changes and social context.
C) integration of thoughts and feelings.
D) appraisal of environmental events.

Question 5

According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions, emotional experience and autonomic response

A) are not parallel processes.
B) are key components of a stress reaction.
C) are simultaneously triggered by emotional stimuli.
D) depend entirely on social context.

Question 6

Which response was not an outcome of the Schachter and Singer experiment?

A) Autonomic response to epinephrine intensified emotional experience.
B) Cognitive analysis of the environment affected the way emotion was experienced.
C) Subjects exposed to an angry confederate were more likely to report feeling sad.
D) Subjects warned about effects of epinephrine reported no emotional reaction.

Question 7

Two friends walking down a busy street hear a loud bang; they both feel their hearts race in the moment of panic and turn to see that a truck has backfired. They laugh, attributing their pounding hearts to the surprise they felt at the sound. This scenario best illustrates which theory of emotion?

A) Schachter and Singer
B) James-Lange
C) Canon-Bard
D) Keltner and Ekman

Question 8

The _______ theory of emotion posited that bodily responses evoke emotional experience.

A) James-Lang
B) Cannon-Bard
C) Schachter and Singer
D) Plutchik-Ekman

Question 9

Which evidence challenges the idea that specific emotions are linked to specific physical responses?

A) All negative emotional responses trigger parasympathetic activation.
B) All positive emotional responses trigger sympathetic activation.
C) There is no distinctive autonomic pattern for each separate emotion.
D) Only extreme emotions trigger autonomic response patterns.

Question 10

_______ is defined as a subjective mental state that is usually accompanied by distinctive cognition, behaviors, and physiological changes.

A) Facial expression
B) Emotion
C) Rage
D) Autonomic activity

Question 11

Paul Ekman and colleagues have proposed the existence of facial expressions for eight emotions that are recognized across all societies. Which of the following is not one of them?

A) Contempt
B) Expectation
C) Happiness
D) Embarrassment

Question 12

Affection and disgust are described by Plutchik's classification of emotions as

A) basic emotions that are linked by anatomical specificity.
B) high levels of intense emotional expression.
C) low-intensity forms of the basic emotions of happiness and sadness, respectively.
D) medium-intensity forms of the basic emotions of adoration and loathing, respectively.

Question 13

Feelings of disgust at the sight of body fluids may have evolved to help humans avoid

A) conflict with others.
B) toxic or poisonous substances.
C) exposure to germs.
D) wasting energy.

Question 14

Research indicates that mice show at least _______ different facial expressions in response to different emotional states.

A) three
B) five
C) six
D) nine

Question 15

According to some researchers, the universal properties of facial expressions may be masked by

A) cultural differences in parenting styles.
B) autonomic arousal.
C) cultural conditioning.
D) peripheral feedback.

Question 16

When the _______ facial muscles contract, they change the shape of the mouth, eyes, or nose.

A) superficial
B) deep
C) mandibular
D) buccal

Question 17

Which statement about the neural innervation of the facial muscles is true?

A) Facial expressions of emotion are largely controlled by the facial nerve (VII)
B) Chewing is controlled by the superficial facial muscles.
C) Superficial facial muscles produce large-scale movements of the face.
D) The facial muscles are influenced by the occipital cortex.

Question 18

The controversial theory that facial expressions can influence emotional experience is called the _______ hypothesis.

A) emotion feedback
B) induced-emotion
C) Ekman
D) facial feedback

Question 19

In his study of facial expressions of nonhuman primates, Redican argued that the distinctive primate expression labeled "play face" is homologous to human

A) laughter.
B) sadness.
C) fear or surprise.
D) anger.

Question 20

Charles Darwin noted that nonhuman primates have the same facial muscles as humans and proposed that emotional expressions

A) only appear in the primate lineage.
B) may have originated in a common ancestor.
C) are a novel evolutionary trait.
D) are a sexually selected trait.

Question 21

The universality hypothesis of facial expression has been criticized because it does not allow for _______ display rules, especially in isolated nonliterate groups.

A) genetic
B) Western
C) religious
D) cultural

Question 22

_______ facial muscles connect to the bone and are involved with larger-scale movements (like chewing). This category of muscle is controlled by the _______ nerve.

A) Superficial; trigeminal
B) Superficial; facial
C) Deep; facial
D) Deep; trigeminal

Question 23

Impartial research pegs the accuracy of polygraph testing for lie detection at about

A) 25%.
B) 33%.
C) 65%.
D) 95%.

Question 24

Which of the following is the important phenomenon discovered by Olds and Milner?

A) Klüver-Bucy syndrome
B) Brain self-stimulation
C) The triune brain
D) Decorticate rage

Question 25

Early research on brain self-stimulation found that electrical stimulation of sites in the _______ produced a sense of pleasure.

A) posterior cingulate cortex
B) thalamus
C) septum
D) amygdala

Question 26

Decorticate rage refers to

A) the rage response seen in animals with small cortical lesions.
B) the diminished rage response of animals whose isocortex has been removed.
C) snarling and barking in response to intense stimuli.
D) sudden, intense, poorly directed rage that lacks a clear direction.

Question 27

Which brain site is included in Papez's circuit of emotion?

A) Adrenal cortex
B) Anterior thalamus
C) Occipital cortex
D) Basal ganglia

Question 28

Papez's circuit provides a model of the relationships of different regions in the limbic system involved in

A) facial expressions of emotion.
B) autonomic response specificity to different emotions.
C) the neural control of violence and psychopathy.
D) emotional expression.

Question 29

Experiments that involved removal of the temporal lobes of monkeys implicated the _______ in the behavioral changes seen in Klüver-Bucy syndrome.

A) amygdala
B) anterior thalamus
C) cingulate cortex
D) sensorimotor cortex

Question 30

Patients with damage to the amygdala do poorly at interpreting facial expressions as indicators of

A) fear.
B) happiness.
C) sadness.
D) contempt.

Question 31

Which behavior would not be expected in a patient with bilateral damage to the amygdala?

A) Grabbing a gun out of the hand of an assailant
B) Showing a startle response to a sudden loud noise
C) Rating his or her own fear as low in response to a frightening film clip
D) Absence of a fear reaction in response to snakes and spiders

Question 32

Decorticate dogs display _______ rage.

A) weak
B) sham
C) directed
D) cognitive

Question 33

The structures of the Papez circuit of emotion are primarily parts of the _______ system.

A) limbic
B) reward
C) motor
D) visceral

Question 34

Which reaction would be considered the "high road" response to a bear appearing at your picnic?

A) Urinating in your pants
B) Profuse sweating
C) Grabbing pots and pans to make lots of noise
D) Running away

Question 35

Which reaction would be considered the "low road" response to a bear appearing at your picnic?

A) Calling out for help
B) Climbing a tall tree
C) Throwing sticks at the bear
D) A huge surge of adrenaline

Question 36

In fear conditioning, the lateral nucleus of the amygdala transmits information through the _______ to evoke hormonal responses.

A) central nucleus of the amygdala
B) lateral hypothalamus
C) central (periaqueductal) gray
D) septal nuclei

Question 37

In order to condition a rat to associate a particular tone in context A with a shock, one would play a tone

A) alone in context A.
B) after administering a shock across varied contexts.
C) at the same time as administering a shock in context A.
D) at the same time as administering a shock across varied contexts.

Question 38

Lesioning the central nucleus of the amygdala in a rat results in

A) lowered blood pressure.
B) elimination of the fight or flight response.
C) sham rage.
D) decreased freezing behavior in response to a conditioned fear stimulus.

Question 39

In rats, lesions of the _______ nucleus of the amygdala inhibit blood pressure increases and constrain _______ behavior in response to conditioned fearful stimuli.

A) lateral; eating
B) central; freezing
C) medial; sleeping
D) basal; flight

Question 40

Following a fear conditioning experiment in which a tone was paired with a shock, one animal shows freezing response upon hearing the tone alone while a second animal does not. If you were informed that the second animal had a brain lesion, where would you predict the lesion to be?

A) Hypothalamus
B) Olfactory bulb
C) Ventral tegmental area
D) Amygdala

Question 41

_______ aggression is observed in most vertebrates, often involving competition over mating opportunities, while _______ aggression often occurs among individuals caring for young.

A) Intermale; maternal
B) Psychopathic; intermale.
C) Maternal; testosterone.
D) Testosterone; androgen

Question 42

Reactive aggression can best be described as

A) the aggressive reaction that predators have to prey.
B) an animal's defensive behavior in response to an external threat.
C) the behavior that offspring display in play fighting.
D) aggression that is part of a sexual display.

Question 43

The evidence that testosterone affects aggressive behavior in humans is inconsistent. This inconsistency may be attributable to the fact that

A) testosterone's effect on human aggression not as clear as its effect on aggression in other species.
B) testosterone is very difficult to measure in humans as it is present in such miniscule quantities.
C) humans have more androgen receptors than other species do.
D) testosterone interacts with serotonin in complex ways, so it is unclear whether serotonin or testosterone is causing the aggression.

Question 44

In men, simply backing the losing team in a baseball game is sufficient to

A) decrease circulating testosterone levels.
B) increase circulating cortisol levels.
C) decrease serotonin levels.
D) increase circulating testosterone and cortisol levels.

Question 45

Which neurotransmitter has been especially implicated in the control of aggression?

A) Acetylcholine
B) Substance P
C) Serotonin
D) Dopamine

Question 46

Research suggests animals that show hyperaggressive behavior may have

A) increased levels of dopamine in the hypothalamus.
B) decreased circulating androgens.
C) increased levels of serotonin in the prefrontal cortex.
D) reduced levels of serotonin in the cerebrospinal fluid.

Question 47

Castration reduces _______, and injections of _______ increase it.

A) stress; dopamine
B) aggression; serotonin
C) stress; estradiol
D) aggression; testosterone

Question 48

Which statement about brain imaging studies of psychopaths is true?

A) Psychopaths show high levels of activity in the temporal and parietal cortices.
B) Researchers have yet to find neuroanatomical differences between the brains of psychopaths and non-psychopaths.
C) Male psychopaths have higher than average levels of serotonin.
D) The prefrontal cortex is smaller in psychopaths compared to controls.

Question 49

Glucocorticoid receptors regulate the ongoing secretion of stress hormones via

A) negative feedback.
B) positive feedback.
C) a signal cascade.
D) hormone signaling.

Question 50

Epinephrine is to the adrenal medulla as

A) norepinephrine is to the frontal cortex.
B) cortisol is to the adrenal insula.
C) cortisol is to the adrenal cortex.
D) serotonin is to the medial forebrain bundle.

Question 51

In a classic study, soldiers training for parachute jumps showed a

A) spike in norepinephrine before the first day's jump.
B) drop in cortisol after the first day's jump.
C) spike in testosterone on the first day's jump.
D) drop in serotonin after the first day's jump.

Question 52

Stressful exam periods produce a(n)

A) increase in natural killer cell activity.
B) increase in epinephrine and norepinephrine secretion.
C) decrease in corticosteroids secretion.
D) increase in androgen production.

Question 53

The stress immunization seen in rat pups appears to be attributable to

A) nutrition.
B) maternal comfort after stress.
C) vaccinations.
D) cortisol release by the rat pup adrenal glands.

Question 54

Epigenetic regulation involves

A) changes in gene expression rather than a change in the encoding region in a gene.
B) the ability of "supergenes" to regulate the downstream actions of other genes.
C) genetic modification in the laboratory.
D) changes in gene expression due to genetic effects rather than environmental effects.

Question 55

According to the views of psychosomatic medicine, susceptibility and resistance to illnesses are associated with

A) situational factors.
B) constitutional variables.
C) generalized stress.
D) distinctive psychological characteristics.

Question 56

The field of study concerned with the immune system and its interaction with the nervous system and behavior is called

A) epigenetics.
B) psychoneuroimmunology.
C) neuroendocrinology.
D) somatogenetics.

Question 57

If an animal is being pursued by a predator, its immune system is suppressed, and its physiological system readies it for escape. Would you expect this immune suppression harm the animal?

A) Yes, because after the stressful experience the animal's immune system will take a long time to recover.
B) Yes, because the suppression combined with stress will cause long-term harm to the animal's immune system.
C) No, because the immune system is only temporarily suppressed, allowing the animal's resources to go toward survival.
D) No, because after the stressful experience, the animal's immune system will be strengthened.

Question 58

Who is most likely to develop a cold when exposed to a virus?

A) An individual with a happy social life.
B) A student staying up late to cram for an exam.
C) A ski bum living in a trailer at the base of Mt. Snowbird.
D) A middle-aged woman on a summer vacation in Hawaii.

Question 59

Relaxation therapies like mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) have been shown to reduce activity in the

A) large intestines.
B) amygdala.
C) adrenal glands.
D) thalamus.

Question 60

Which symptom is not a common pathological consequence of prolonged stress?

A) Fatigue
B) Ulcers
C) Increased libido
D) Hypertension

Question 61

The modern field of stress research was launched by

A) Heinrich Klüver.
B) Paul Ekman.
C) Paul MacLean.
D) Hans Selye.

Question 62

Schachter and Singer's theory of emotion emphasized that we use _______ to attribute different emotions to autonomic arousal.

Question 63

The _______ hypothesis proposes that sensory feedback from facial expressions has an effect on mood.

Question 64

Dysfunction of the insula, leading to impairments in emotional awareness is termed _______.

Question 65

When people are shown visual stimuli associated with pain or fear, fear-specific activity is observed in _______ neurons.

Question 66

The fear pathway that projects from the thalamus to the amygdala and bypasses conscious processing is termed the _______ road of emotional response.

Question 67

Input to the ventromedial hypothalamus (or VMH) from the suprachiasmatic nucleus appears to regulate the daily variation in _______ in many animals, including humans.

Question 68

Low levels of the neurotransmitter _______ have been particularly implicated in increased aggression in animals, including humans.

Question 69

Military recruits training for parachuting showed reduced levels of _______ on the first day's jump, with increases shown on subsequent jump days.

Question 70

The concept known as _______ poses that early in life, a little stress followed by comforting reassurance better equips an animal to deal with stress as an adult.

Question 71

Prolonged stress in childhood can cause long-lasting changes in the expression of adrenal steroid receptors in the brain-this is termed _______.

Question 72

Briefly summarize the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion.

Question 73

Describe the classic Schachter and Singer experiment.

Question 74

What are the eight basic facial expressions of emotion proposed by Paul Ekman? Which showed significant evidence of cross-cultural similarity and which did not?

Question 75

What is the drawback of the lie detector test in terms of the sympathetic nervous system?

Question 76

Provide four examples of ways that brain lesions have been shown to affect emotions.

Question 77

Hypothesize why a hormone like testosterone, which makes animals (especially males) more aggressive, would have evolved.

Question 78

What effect does GABA have on aggression? Is its effect consistent?

Question 79

What is the evidence that the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) plays a central role in aggression?

Question 80

If stress can be so maladaptive to physical health, why did it evolve?