Deck 13: Global Governance: International Law and Organizations

Question 1

The principle of "kill or be killed" reflects

A) The decentralized nature of the international system.
B) The centralized power of the international sovereign.
C) The power of the UN legislative body.
D) The lack of reciprocity among nations.

Answer 1

The decentralized nature of the international system.

Question 2

Systemic efforts to establish some form of international authority began in the

A) Sixteenth century.
B) Seventeenth century.
C) Eighteenth century.
D) Nineteenth century.

Answer 2

Seventeenth century.

Question 3

One crucial difference between international and domestic politics is that international politics is

A) Democratic.
B) Governed by a central authority.
C) Anarchic.
D) More peaceful.

Answer 3

Anarchic.

Question 4

"States understand themselves to be members of an international community, illustrating the changing nature of states' social identities and interests beyond that of narrow self-interests." This statement best represents

A) The realist perspective.
B) The liberal perspective.
C) The hegemonic-stability perspective.
D) The constructivist perspective.

Question 5

International law

A) Does not exist.
B) Has evolved in tandem with the nation-state system.
C) Has evolved since the Peace of Westphalia.
D) Both b and c

Question 6

Which of the following is true?

A) The United Nations serves as a global legislature or lawmaking body.
B) There is no global legislature or lawmaking body.
C) The ICC serves as a universal judiciary.
D) Both a and c

Question 7

International law

A) Is the same as domestic law.
B) Lacks an international sovereign.
C) Lacks a lawmaking body.
D) Both b and c

Question 8

International law and domestic law

A) Both contain an established means of authority.
B) Both have lawmaking bodies.
C) Both have central authorities.
D) Have none of the above in common.

Question 9

The two primary sources of international law are

A) Treaties and customary practices.
B) Treaties and domestic laws.
C) The United Nations and treaties.
D) The United Nations and the International Court of Justice.

Question 10

Which of the following is a source of international law?

A) The World Legislature
B) Customary practices
C) The United States
D) Pariah states

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the nature of customary practices in international law?

A) They have been regarded as binding, even on those states that never expressly consented to them.
B) They are of relatively recent origin.
C) They are the results of pariah states.
D) They lack the element of reciprocity.

Question 12

The concept of customary practices evolved from

A) French law.
B) Roman law.
C) Italian law.
D) Anglican law.

Question 13

__________ refers to established and consistent behavior of states in international relations.

A) Treaties
B) Customary practices
C) International law
D) UN law

Question 14

__________ refers to freedom from arrest and prosecution for accredited government officials residing in or visiting another country.

A) Diplomatic immunity
B) Diplomatic courtesy
C) Positive immunity
D) Customary practices

Question 15

The hostage taking of U.S. embassy personnel in Iran is an example of violating

A) Sovereignty.
B) Diplomatic immunity.
C) Persona non grata.
D) Habeas corpus.

Question 16

Treaties involve which of the following?

A) Written contracts that impose obligations on only the states that sign them
B) Bilateral agreements
C) Multilateral agreements
D) All of the above

Question 17

The term pact sunt servanda in terms of treaties means

A) They must be performed in good faith.
B) They must be kept.
C) Both a and b
D) Neither a nor b

Question 18

In practice, it is assumed that

A) Treaties must be kept and performed in good faith.
B) Governments can opt out of treaties.
C) The United Nations will enforce treaties.
D) None of the above.

Question 19

The 1991 START arms reduction agreement was between

A) The United States and the Soviet Union.
B) The United States and China.
C) China and the Soviet Union.
D) The United States, China, and the Soviet Union.

Question 20

Although the United States lost a decision in the International Court of Justice for supporting anti-Sandinista Contra rebels and mining the harbors of ______________, the United States simply ignored the warning.

A) El Salvador
B) Mexico
C) Honduras
D) Nicaragua

Question 21

Which event best illustrates many of the problems that international organizations have in responding to crises?

A) The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait
B) The 2003 Iraq War
C) The North American Free Trade Agreement
D) The Korean War

Question 22

Which international leader is most associated with the doctrine of preemptive self-defense?

A) Vladimir Putin
B) Ronald Reagan
C) Nikita Khrushchev
D) George W. Bush

Question 23

International law is ultimately based on

A) Anarchy.
B) An international sovereign.
C) Reciprocity.
D) Distrust.

Question 24

The use of chemical weapons is outlawed by

A) The UN Charter of 1948.
B) The Geneva Protocol of 1925.
C) The League of Nations.
D) The UN Security Council.

Question 25

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the extent to which states obey international law?

A) States are more apt to comply with international laws than violate them.
B) States rarely, if ever, comply with international laws.
C) Only the major powers obey international laws.
D) States always obey international laws.

Question 26

States generally obey international law because

A) There is an international sovereign enforcing law.
B) They fear sanction or reprisal.
C) They all agree on its meaning and intent.
D) All of the above.

Question 27

The use of chemical weapons in war was outlawed

A) After World War I.
B) After World War II.
C) During the Cold War.
D) During the Iraq-Iran War.

Question 28

International law may be enforced by reciprocity because

A) The long-term benefits of observing international law outweigh the short-term advantages of violating it.
B) States are encouraged not to practice tit-for-tat behavior.
C) It promotes an environment in which cheaters prosper.
D) It encourages the behavior of pariah states.

Question 29

Which of the following is considered a pariah state?

A) Switzerland
B) Sweden
C) Japan
D) North Korea

Question 30

North Korea is considered a pariah state in part because it withdrew from

A) The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.
B) The UN General Assembly.
C) The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.
D) The World Court.

Question 31

According to positive law,

A) States should do only good things for their citizens.
B) Human action is the foundation of law, and laws are meaningless without sovereign authority to enforce them.
C) International treaties are the highest form of law.
D) Certain human rights derive from a higher law that cannot be taken away by governments.

Question 32

Which of the following holds that human rights derive from a higher law rather than from government?

A) Natural law
B) Positive law
C) Negative law
D) Global law

Question 33

The Nuremberg Laws enacted by Nazi Germany in 1936 are an example of

A) Natural law.
B) Positive law.
C) Negative law.
D) Sovereign law.

Question 34

The Nuremberg Trials were held in response to

A) The Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia.
B) German responsibility for starting World War I.
C) The United States' arming of the Nicaraguan Contras.
D) Nazi war crimes during World War II.

Question 35

A total of __________ top Nazi leaders were convicted at the Nuremberg Trials.

A) 15
B) 21
C) 26
D) 31

Question 36

Which of the following best characterizes the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?

A) It is not binding on all members of the United Nations.
B) It is a comprehensive statement of human rights principles.
C) It is generally recognized as customary law.
D) All of the above.

Question 37

The United Nations has refined some of the basic human rights principles with more specific agreements addressing all but which of the following?

A) Discrimination against women
B) Children's rights
C) Torture
D) Immigration

Question 38

The international organization most responsible for turning principles of human rights into international agreements has been

A) The United Nations.
B) The United States.
C) The European Union.
D) Amnesty International.

Question 39

In recent decades, the rights of which group have acquired a special place in international human rights laws?

A) Women
B) Military
C) Minorities
D) Gays and lesbians

Question 40

At the end of the twentieth century, the international community established a tribunal to address gross human rights violations in which nation?

A) France
B) Chile
C) The former Yugoslavia
D) Czechoslovakia

Question 41

The International Criminal Court (ICC) has the power to try individuals for

A) War crimes.
B) Crimes against humanity.
C) Genocide.
D) All of the above.

Question 42

Which of the following Security Council members is not a signatory of or has not ratified the ICC?

A) Russia
B) The United States
C) China
D) All of the above

Question 43

__________ of the United States signed the ICC, only to have _________ "unsign" it.

A) Ronald Reagan; Bill Clinton
B) George H. W. Bush; Bill Clinton
C) Bill Clinton, George W. Bush
D) George H. W. Bush; George W. Bush

Question 44

During the Cold War, the issue of human rights was politicized along

A) North-South lines.
B) East-West lines.
C) Developed-developing nation lines.
D) U.S.-EU lines.

Question 45

Which event illustrates the difficulties inherent in preventing violations of human rights and bringing the perpetrators to justice?

A) UN operation in Somalia
B) Peacekeeping mission in the former Yugoslavia
C) The war in Chechnya
D) The genocide in Rwanda

Question 46

Under the UN Charter, states are allowed to use force

A) When they feel threatened.
B) To promote human rights.
C) Only after the UN authorizes it.
D) In self-defense.

Question 47

Nations have attempted to regulate the conduct of war by

A) Setting limits on the methods of warfare.
B) Banning chemical weapons.
C) Protecting the rights of prisoners and wounded combatants.
D) All of the above.

Question 48

Which of the following plays a vital role in the success or failure of an international agreement?

A) How well liked the agreement is
B) Who has been responsible for the agreement
C) How long the agreement has been in existence
D) How effective the enforcement of the agreement is

Question 49

Intergovernmental organizations include all but which of the following?

A) Amnesty International
B) The United Nations
C) The North Atlantic Treaty Organization
D) The World Bank

Question 50

Nongovernmental organizations include which of the following?

A) Greenpeace
B) The Red Cross
C) Amnesty International
D) All of the above

Question 51

Which of the following best describes nongovernmental organizations?

A) They have traditionally been ineffective in changing governments' policies.
B) They include states in their membership.
C) They would not include such groups as Amnesty International.
D) None of the above.

Question 52

Intergovernmental organizations have become increasingly important because

A) States realize they cannot address all problems plaguing the international system.
B) They are so few in number.
C) They involve only the most important states.
D) It is agreed that the world needs one centralized government to manage its problems.

Question 53

The United Nations was created

A) After the defeat of Germany and Japan in World War II.
B) In response to the North Korean invasion of South Korea.
C) After decolonization began in the developing world.
D) In response to the end of the Napoleonic Wars.

Question 54

Voting in the UN General Assembly is based on

A) A state's population.
B) One state, one vote.
C) A state's contribution to the UN's operating budget.
D) Possession of nuclear weapons.

Question 55

The United Nations has authorized military action on which of the following occasions?

A) During the Vietnam War
B) During World War II
C) During the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
D) None of the above

Question 56

Which of the following best describes the power of the secretary-general?

A) He/she can veto any action taken by the Security Council.
B) He/she has little power to act independently of the Security Council or General Assembly.
C) He/she appoints nations to the Security Council.
D) He/she is in charge of all UN peacekeeping operations.

Question 57

Which of the following best describes the powers of the World Court (ICJ)?

A) Its decisions are not formally binding between the parties concerned.
B) It has no formal mechanism to enforce its ruling.
C) State sovereignty has significantly enhanced its power.
D) All of the above.

Question 58

The three types of collective security missions that the United Nations undertakes include all except which of the following?

A) Observer missions
B) Intervention missions
C) Peacekeeping missions
D) Peace-enforcement missions

Question 59

Peacekeeping missions differ from peace-enforcement missions because

A) Peacekeeping missions do not involve the Security Council members; peace-enforcement missions do.
B) Peace-enforcement missions require the permission of the countries where the UN forces will operate; peacekeeping missions do not.
C) Peace-enforcement missions do not involve the use of military force; peacekeeping missions do.
D) Peacekeeping missions are designed to prevent combat; peace-enforcement missions involve combat.

Question 60

The biggest challenge facing UN peacekeeping missions in the future is

A) The absence of any need for them.
B) The lack of political support for them.
C) The lack of financial support for them.
D) The lack of support from the Security Council for them.

Question 61

UN peacekeeping missions have taken place in which of the following countries?

A) Yugoslavia
B) India/Pakistan
C) Somalia
D) All of the above

Question 62

The founders of the United Nations envisioned that peace would be kept by

A) Debate of the great issues in the General Assembly.
B) The presence of nuclear weapons.
C) Economic prosperity.
D) The efforts of the great powers.

Question 63

The World Bank, the IMF, and the WTO are all examples of

A) NGOs.
B) Regional IGOs.
C) Security IGOs.
D) Economic IGOs.

Question 64

Which of the following has the primary purpose of financing development projects in lesser-developed countries?

A) World Bank
B) IMF
C) GATT
D) WTO

Question 65

Which of the following has the primary purpose of regulating and liberalizing the international monetary system?

A) World Bank
B) IMF
C) GATT
D) WTO

Question 66

The ____________ lends money for long-term development; the __________ lends money for shorter-term loans.

A) IMF; World Bank
B) World Bank; IMF
C) World Bank; U.S. government
D) U.S. government; World Bank

Question 67

Decision making in the IMF is based on

A) One state, one vote.
B) An independent financial council.
C) Relative contributions to the fund.
D) None of the above.

Question 68

The admittance of which country to the WTO is seen as one of its biggest successes?

A) Russia
B) China
C) Iraq
D) Saudi Arabia

Question 69

The International Red Cross would best be characterized as a

A) General-purpose intergovernmental organization.
B) Nongovernmental organization.
C) Multinational corporation.
D) None of the above.

Question 70

International laws and organizations have sometimes failed in their purposes for all but which of the following reasons?

A) Poor design
B) Weakness of leadership
C) The willingness of states to give up sovereignty
D) Weakness of ethics of those running them

Question 71

What is global governance? What is the challenge associated with global governance?

Question 72

List the sources of international law as discussed in the text.

Question 73

How is international law defined? Does it exist?

Question 74

Explain the concept of customary law and provide an example currently used in global politics.

Question 75

List the reasons, other than moral principle, why states obey international law.

Question 76

Define natural law and positive law and explain how these concepts impact international human rights law.

Question 77

Explain the significance of the Holocaust and Nuremberg Trials for international law.

Question 78

List and explain the three main statements, treaties, or covenants regarding human rights.

Question 79

What is the ICC, and what is its mandate?

Question 80

Why does the United States refuse to ratify the ICC?