Deck 23: Replacing Muscle: The Energy Revolutions

Question 1

Andrew Carnegie,an immigrant from Scotland,made his fortune in America from

A) agriculture.
B) oil.
C) steel.
D) textiles.

Answer 1

steel.

Question 2

Why were countries that focused on the production of raw materials or primary products like rubber,guano,or coffee at a disadvantage economically to those that industrialized?

A) Non-industrialized countries were largely at the mercy of a constantly fluctuating market.
B) Countries that produced mostly raw materials were more likely to lack adequate connections to world markets.
C) Countries that produced primary products failed to keep up with education for their populations.
D) Industrialized countries often refused to buy raw materials from these countries.

Answer 2

Non-industrialized countries were largely at the mercy of a constantly fluctuating market.

Question 3

Fossil fuels like coal and oil produce energy efficiently because they

A) release energy from the sun in stored carbons.
B) were originally from plants.
C) burn.
D) work well with machines.

Answer 3

release energy from the sun in stored carbons.

Question 4

Trade in guano created an enormous boost to the economies of Peru and Southwest Africa.Guano was used as

A) animal food.
B) plant fertilizer.
C) supplements for use in manufactured products.
D) bait for fishing.

Question 5

At the arrival of Perry's ships,his interpreter noted that the Japanese in Tokyo

A) already had telegraph lines and muskets.
B) were a deeply tradition-bound society with little toleration for innovation.
C) appeared to have no signs of the modern world as a result of their isolation.
D) had a great aversion to trade and commerce and no middle class.

Question 6

Two of the key reasons that South America was slow to industrialize were

A) its size and lack of resources.
B) its long revolutionary wars and its large population of cheap labor.
C) its lack of connection with global trade and little access to fossil fuels.
D) resistance by the United States and a failure to permit free trade North America.

Question 7

What technological development gave the greatest boost to the economies of the grasslands of Australia,New Zealand,and the South American pampa?

A) steamships and refrigeration
B) telegraphy
C) pumping technology for mining
D) new plowing technology

Question 8

One of the most important explanations for the increased adoption of coal and other fossil fuels as a source of energy was that

A) they were easy to mine and remove from the ground.
B) sources of fossil fuels may be found almost everywhere.
C) they decreased pollution as compared with earlier types of energy sources, such as wood.
D) they freed up land for farming.

Question 9

Low protein foods,such as the graham cracker,were developed with the intention of

A) making healthier foods that could be easily kept for long periods.
B) developing foods for use by the military.
C) creating foods that would promote chastity.
D) developing foods that were compact and could be easily transported to distant markets.

Question 10

Margarine,which is commonly used today,was originally invented for use by

A) the American Army.
B) the British Navy.
C) the French Navy.
D) the Russian Army.

Question 11

The initial demand for bottled and canned foods came as a result of

A) military needs.
B) public demand for variety.
C) market demands for preserving foods.
D) new technologies that people cleverly exploited.

Question 12

One of the greatest lasting social changes of the development of mass armies was

A) the breakup of the aristocracy.
B) the creation of national identities.
C) the development of the idea of "total war."
D) the complete militarization of European society.

Question 13

Despite possessing an overseas empire and significant capital,what country did not seriously participate in industrialization until the end of the nineteenth century?

A) France
B) the Netherlands
C) Italy
D) Spain

Question 14

An enormous land reclamation project that created 11,000 acres from former wasteland and the sea during the nineteenth century occurred in

A) Britain.
B) Egypt.
C) Japan.
D) the Netherlands.

Question 15

What role did geography play in what areas industrialized first?

A) Regions with high populations and concentrations of wealth were the first to industrialize.
B) Areas that had a relatively small workforce and lots of capital were the earliest to industrialize.
C) Only places with significant deposits of fossil fuels took part in industrialization.
D) Places with stable populations and a need for capital industrialized first.

Question 16

By 1900,what Asian country had more railroads than all the other Asian countries combined?

A) China
B) Egypt
C) India
D) Japan

Question 17

When James Fenimore Cooper wrote The Prairie in 1827,he represented the American plains as

A) "a great land with the potential to feed the world."
B) "a vast country incapable of sustaining a dense population."
C) "a tremendous region that would be opened up by the new technologies of the day."
D) "a land that should be left to the Indians."

Question 18

The two earliest countries to have more than one half of their populations engaged in industry were

A) Britain and Belgium.
B) America and Britain.
C) Russia and Britain.
D) America and Germany.

Question 19

The purpose of Commodore Perry's mission to Japan in 1853 was to

A) create an American colony in Japan.
B) explore and map the Japanese mainland.
C) bring the message of Christianity into Japan.
D) persuade the Japanese to open their ports to trade.

Question 20

Two factors that made the United States a suitable arena for industrialization were

A) a large immigrant population and access to natural resources.
B) a long history as a producer of raw materials and vast mineral deposits.
C) slavery and the concept of free trade.
D) high per capita incomes and a large merchant marine.

Question 21

In what ways did population growth become a political and moral issue in this period?

Question 22

What attitudes did people have about these dramatic changes in Europe and America? How did elites shape or guide changing attitudes?

Question 23

How did the creation of mass armies affect the development of industrialization?

Question 24

How did patterns of human disease change from the eighteenth to nineteenth centuries,and why might those changes have affected the rise of population around the world?

Question 25

One of the primary reasons that Europeans quickly embraced industrialization was because

A) the scientific community was enthusiastic about practical applications for their theories.
B) of an abundance of the necessary natural resources.
C) of a need to compensate for a relatively small amount of cheap labor.
D) of a long history of entrepreneurship among the European elite.

Question 26

Chinese naval vessels fighting in the Sino-Japanese war of 1894-1895 had only three rounds of ammunition for each of their guns because

A) their factories were incapable of producing more.
B) the imperial household diverted funds for its own use.
C) the Chinese did not believe any outsider would attack.
D) they felt that Western powers would come to their aid.

Question 27

Why did Egypt's first attempt at industrialization under Mehmet Ali fail?

A) Britain invaded and turned Egypt into a British protectorate.
B) Egypt's factories were inefficient and failed to produce significant quantities of finished products, like cotton cloth.
C) France undercut prices for Egyptian goods and created a collapse in the Egyptian economy.
D) Britain forced an end to their protective tariffs and wrecked their local industry by flooding their markets with cheaper products.

Question 28

The first Asian country to industrialize was

A) China.
B) India.
C) Japan.
D) Korea.

Question 29

What impact did the collapse of local industry have on millions of Indian laborers?

A) They emigrated to China.
B) They retrained to work in British manufacturing plants in India.
C) They emigrated to work elsewhere in the British Empire.
D) They emigrated to work in the United States.

Question 30

One of the most important factors that kept China a pre-industrial society during the nineteenth century was

A) a lack of knowledge about Western technology.
B) insufficient capital for investment.
C) a lack of an educated workforce.
D) government interference in economic development.

Question 31

The Suez Canal,built in 1869 largely by French engineers and French capital,was significant because it

A) connected the Nile with the Red Sea.
B) connected the Mediterranean with the Persian Gulf.
C) reduced the travel time from Europe to India from months to weeks.
D) gave Egyptian agriculture an advantage by putting hundreds of thousands of new acres under cultivation.

Question 32

A key factor in the success of Japan's rapid industrialization during the late nineteenth century was

A) state support for Japanese corporations.
B) non-intervention by the state in the development of the new economy.
C) government control and planning of economic development in every aspect.
D) that the Japanese successfully copied the Western model of industrial development exactly.

Question 33

What is the link between changes in the way that food was produced and the rise in global population during the nineteenth century?

Question 34

How did industrialization in North America compare with the development of industry in South America?

Question 35

The collapse of Mughal rule hurt local industries in India because

A) the Mughal court was the major market for the production of Indian textiles and other luxury goods.
B) without government protection, protective tariffs against outside products were dropped.
C) it meant the loss of government subsidies.
D) the internal unrest set off by the collapse of the Mughals destroyed much of the local industry.

Question 36

In what area did the West possess a significant advantage over the rest of the world in the nineteenth century?

A) commerce
B) education
C) science
D) values

Question 37

The Egyptian Khedive Ismail abdicated because

A) of a coup led by Egyptian army officers.
B) Britain occupied the country and turned it into a dependency.
C) he attempted to overthrow the Ottoman Empire and failed.
D) he went bankrupt, and his creditors foreclosed.

Question 38

China began to industrialize in the 1860s because of

A) their failure at defeating Britain and Japan.
B) economic decline in the face of European expansionism in Asia.
C) a peasant rebellion and foreign military occupation.
D) defeat by Britain and the decline of the tea market.

Question 39

A key factor in the slowness of China to industrialize was a

A) lack of cheap labor.
B) failure of the state to support commerce.
C) lack of natural resources such as coal and iron.
D) disinterest in business.

Question 40

What new technologies were developed that also had profound impact on trade and commerce?

Question 41

Why was China,with a larger workforce and a long history as an economic superpower,unable to industrialize the way Japan did?

Question 42

Compare the role of western imperial powers in encouraging or discouraging industrialization in Japan and China.What accounts for the differences?

Question 43

Explain and compare the relationship between industrialization and militarism in two of following countries: the United States,Japan,England,or China.How did Asian patterns of industrialization differ from those in the West?

Question 44

What factors prevented Egypt from industrializing,despite two strongly supported attempts?
In Perspective

Question 45

Explain the various ways in which focusing on primary (agricultural)production could hinder a country's progress in industrializing.

Question 46

What are the explanations for nineteenth-century industrialization? Why was it centered in the West? Why did industrialization have social consequences?

Question 47

What advantages did industrialization provide to Western economies?

Question 48

What factors enabled Japan to industrialize its economy in a relatively brief space of time?

Question 49

Why were the developments in industrialization so different in the North and South American continents? What accounts for these differences?

Question 50

While many parts of the globe industrialized in the nineteenth century,both India and Egypt actually became less industrialized.Why?

Question 51

What were the disadvantages of industrialization?

Question 52

What happened to India during the eighteenth century that caused it to lose its traditional manufacturing industries?