Deck 13: Mental Health

Question 1

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using community surveys to examine the prevalence of depression and understand whether there is a sex difference in depression?

Answer 1

Community surveys have the advantage of being able to obtain a large sample, and possibly a representative sample. The disadvantage is that reports of depression come from the participant who may be vulnerable to demand characteristics. It is less socially acceptable for men to admit to depression than women.

Question 2

Describe Nolen-Hoeksema's same-case theory, different cause theory, and interactive theory of sex differences in depression appearing in adolescence.

Answer 2

The same cause theory suggests that the cause of depression is the same for males and females but something in adolescence activates that cause for females only.
The different cause theory suggests that there are different causes of depression for males and females and only the female cause increase in adolescence.
The interactive theory suggests that the cause of depression is the same in female and males but females have more of this cause than males and adolescence activates this cause.

Question 3

What is the pessimistic attributional style? Give an example of this with respect to failing an exam.

Answer 3

Attributing the failure to something internal, stable, and global. Example: I failed the exam because I am stupid, I will always be stupid, and I don't know anything about any of the classes I am taking.

Question 4

What are the reasons that rumination is associated with depression?

Question 5

oes stress exposure or stress vulnerability contribute more to the sex difference in depression? Explain.

Question 6

What are some of the reasons that unmitigated communion is related to depression?

Question 7

What are some of the reasons that adolescence is connected to depression in girls?

Question 8

What is "fat talk," and how does it affect girls?

Question 9

What is "body objectification," and how might it influence one's feelings of competence?

Question 10

escribe characteristics of the male gender role that might be advantageous and disadvantageous with respect to adjusting to chronic illness.

Question 11

What are some societal factors that have been implicated in disturbed eating behavior and eating disorders?

Question 12

What is the gender paradox with respect to suicide?

Question 13

What are some of the reasons that the sex difference in suicide rates are smaller in Asian cultures compared to the United States?

Question 14

hat are the methodological issues that make understanding the sex difference in suicide attempts and suicide rates problematic?

Question 15

hat is learned helplessness, and why might women be more vulnerable than men to this?

Question 16

Sex differences in depression are found in all of the populations except:

A) adults
B) children
C) elderly
D) both b and c

Question 17

Sex differences in depression emerge

A) at about age 6
B) at about age 13
C) at about age 18
D) at about age 21

Question 18

The response bias with respect to depression refers to

A) women reporting more depression than they really feel
B) men reporting less depression than they really feel
C) practitioners not recognizing depression in women
D) practitioners overdiagnosing depression in women

Question 19

The idea that body image is a risk factor for depression in women that is activated during adolescence when concerns are made salient reflects:

A) same cause theory
B) different cause theory
C) interactive cause theory
D) all of the above

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT true about oxytocin?

A) Oxytocin leads to affiliative behavior
B) oxytocin improves trust
C) oxytocin leads to failure to detect lies
D) all of the above are true

Question 21

Learned helplessness is connected with:

A) methodological artifacts
B) pessimistic attributional style
C) differential item functioning
D) all of the above

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT an example of emotion-focused coping?

A) distraction
B) coming up with a plan
C) positive reappraisal
D) wishful thinking

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism explaining the relation of rumination to depression?

A) Increases distraction
B) impairs problem solving
C) makes negative feelings more accessible
D) reduces social support

Question 24

Which of the following stressors do men experience more than women?

A) physical assault
B) sexual assault
C) rape
D) none of the above

Question 25

Which of the following is the best explanation for women's greater depression compared to that of men?

A) differential exposure to stress
B) differential vulnerability to stress
C) differential item functioning
D) stress generation

Question 26

Someone who scores high on unmitigated communion would:

A) Ruminate about their own problems
B) Ruminate about other people's problems
C) Ruminate about both their own and other people's problems
D) Not engage in rumination

Question 27

Gender intensification is an explanation for:

A) the emergence of depression in both males and females in adolescence
B) the emergence of eating disorders in females in adolescence
C) the emergence of depression in females in adolescence
D) the reduction in depression in both males and females in adolescence

Question 28

In Gervais et al. (2011) experiment on body objectification, they found that:

A) women who were objectified performed worse than the controls
B) women who were objectified were less interested in interacting with the confederate
C) women who were objectified were more interested in interacting with the confederate
D) both a and c

Question 29

A person with a chronic illness characterized by unmitigated agency is:

A) likely to be compliant with physician instructions
B) likely to have difficulties with emotional expression
C) likely to have high levels of social support
D) likely to become overly involved in others' problems

Question 30

Which eating disorder is the most life threatening?

A) anorexia nervosa
B) bulimia nervosa
C) binge eating disorder
D) disturbed eating behavior

Question 31

Which group of people has the lowest rate of eating disorders?

A) heterosexual men
B) heterosexual women
C) gay men
D) transgender youth

Question 32

Media exposure is related to:

A) lower body satisfaction
B) greater internalization of thin ideals
C) more disturbed eating behavior
D) all of the above

Question 33

The suicide paradox refers to the fact that:

A) Men commit suicide more frequently than women, but women attempt suicide more frequently than men
B) Men commit and attempt suicide more frequently than women
C) Men attempt suicide more frequently than women, but women commit suicide more frequently than men
D) Men use more firearms than women, but women commit suicide more frequently than men.

Question 34

The largest sex difference in suicide occurs:

A) among children
B) among adolescents
C) among young adults
D) among the elderly

Question 35

The most common method of suicide is:

A) firearms for both men and women
B) firearms for men and drug poisoning for women
C) drug poisoning for both men and women
D) hanging for both men and women

Question 36

Which of the following methodological biases might affect suicide?

A) women's suicide rates may be overestimated
B) men's suicide attempts may be underestimated
C) women's suicide attempts may be underestimated
D) all of the above

Question 37

Relationship difficulties are connected to suicide:

A) equally so in both men and women
B) more strongly in men than women
C) more strongly in women than men
D) more strongly in sexual minorities than heterosexuals

Question 38

Clinical depression involves the persistence of depressive symptoms for:

A) at least 24 hours
B) at least 2 weeks
C) at least 6 months
D) there is no definitive timeframe

Question 39

Someone with a pessimistic attributional style attributes negative events to:

A) internal, unstable, global causes
B) internal, unstable, specific causes
C) external, stable, global causes
D) internal, stable, global causes