Deck 2: Criminal Justice Theories and Ideologies

Question 1

The contrasting assumptions between the __________ and __________ lie at the heart of the debate between supporters of rehabilitation and supporters of punishment.

A) old penology and new penology
B) classical and radical schools
C) radical and positivist schools
D) classical and positivist schools

Answer 1

classical and positivist schools

Question 2

__________ are unprovable sets of assumptions about the proper state of things.

A) Traditions
B) Ideologies
C) Lessons
D) Theories

Answer 2

Ideologies

Question 3

__________ was a movement to bring about the reform of the criminal justice systems of Europe in the eighteenth century.

A) The Progressive faith
B) The classical school
C) The positivist school
D) The justice model

Answer 3

The classical school

Question 4

Which of the following individuals was a predominate representative of the classical school?

A) Cesare Lombroso
B) Cesare Beccaria
C) Norval Morris
D) Philip Zimbardo

Question 5

Beccaria argued that laws exist to ensure maintenance of society, and when laws are broken and the state or its citizens thereby endangered, __________ is both necessary and justified.

A) punishment
B) rehabilitation
C) reformation
D) death by burning

Question 6

Which of the following is not a central assumption of the classical school?

A) Human beings are both rational and possessed of free will, and can thus be held responsible for their actions
B) Punishment should be based on the social harm of the act and not on the "intention" of the offender
C) Crime is determined by factors largely outside the control of the individual
D) Certainty and swiftness are more crucial to the prevention of crime than is severity

Question 7

Ideals from the classical school of criminology became an integral part of the __________, which provided the impetus for a modification of these principles, called the neo-classical school.

A) French Code
B) U.S. Constitution
C) new penology
D) Magna Carta

Question 8

The guiding concept of the positivist school of criminology has been the application of __________ to the study of the criminal.

A) utility
B) critical thinking
C) the scientific method
D) faith

Question 9

Which one of the following individuals was not an early positivist of the Italian School?

A) Lombroso
B) Montesquieu
C) Garofalo
D) Ferri

Question 10

__________ is often referred to today as the father of criminology, who adopted a largely biological theory of crime causation.

A) Cesare Lombroso
B) Cesare Beccaria
C) Jeremy Bentham
D) Philip Zimbardo

Question 11

Which of the following is not a central assumption of the positivist school?

A) Punishment should be based on the social harm of the act and not on the "intention" of the offender
B) Crime is determined by factors largely outside the control of the individual
C) Individualized treatment of the offender is appropriate so that the underlying causes of criminal behavior may be eliminated
D) Offenders should remain in prison for as long as it takes to effect a "cure"

Question 12

The concerns of __________ are more directed toward protecting society than toward aiding the offender.

A) radicals
B) liberals
C) conservatives
D) radicals, liberals, and conservatives

Question 13

According to __________, crime is caused by the structural conditions of society rather than by the individual's calculation that crime pays.

A) radicals
B) conservatives
C) correctional officers
D) liberals

Question 14

__________ assume that their primary goals of true economic, social, and political equality for all cannot be achieved under the present capitalist system.

A) Conservatives
B) Justice model liberals
C) Traditional liberals
D) Radicals

Question 15

The bifurcation of the liberal camp was brought about by the justice model liberals' rejection of __________.

A) rehabilitation
B) retribution
C) incapacitation
D) determinate sentencing

Question 16

All of the following are assumptions of the conservative ideology except __________.

A) Conservatives tend to avoid rapid social change
B) Conservatives believe that individuals are seen as being responsible for their own actions-good or bad
C) Conservatives believe that rehabilitation is the central goal of criminal justice
D) Conservatives believe that goals which focus on the protection of innocent citizens (i.e., deterrence and incapacitation) are of primary importance

Question 17

According to the radical ideology, the causes of crime are intimately connected to the fundamental flaws in the ___________ system

A) socialist
B) capitalist
C) punishment-oriented
D) communist

Question 18

___________ tend to agree in their support of decriminalization of victimless offenses, and of deinstitutionalization and expanded use of alternatives to incarceration.

A) Traditional liberals and justice model liberals
B) Radicals and conservatives
C) Radicals and liberals
D) Traditional liberals and radicals

Question 19

Conservatives believe __________ is the source of the crime problem.

A) the crime of capitalism and the rich
B) a bureaucratic society
C) street crime alone
D) street and white-collar crime

Question 20

Liberals view capitalism and the American political system as __________.

A) fundamentally sound
B) fundamentally unsound and exploitive-we should change to socialism
C) needing improvement-greater economic and social equality for all
D) fundamentally unsound-we should change to communism

Question 21

What two schools of criminology have dominated thinking about criminal justice for the past two hundred years?

Question 22

What are the three modern political ideologies that reflect vastly differing assumptions and value stances concerning crime and criminal justice?

Question 23

How can ideology have an impact upon social scientists studying crime and social policy?

Question 24

What was the main difference between the classical school of criminology and the neo-classical school of criminology?

Question 25

According to Cesare Lombroso's early work, who was the criminal man and how could he be identified?

Question 26

Briefly explain what is meant by more emphasis is placed on the offender than on the offense, according to the positivist school of thought.

Question 27

In understanding criminal justice trends, why can't we rest on an examination of research results alone? In other words, why should the role of political viewpoints in the advocacy of particular policies toward crime be assessed in addition to research results?

Question 28

Briefly explain the difference between "traditional liberals" and "justice model liberals."

Question 29

How do liberal justice model supporters and classical school representatives view punishment? (i.e., should punishment be based on the offense or the offender?)

Question 30

What do traditional liberal and positivist models supporters stress as the most important goal of the criminal justice system?

Question 31

Identify and explain the main tenets of the classical school and then the positivist school. In your answer, make sure to identify and explain how these schools of criminological thought give rise to vastly different explanations of and prescriptions for the problem of crime.

Question 32

Compare and contrast the three varieties of political perspectives examined in Chapter 2.

Question 33

Discuss the current classical and positivist perspectives on crime in relation to their political ideologies. That is, what assumptions do the schools of criminology share with the three political ideologies discussed in Chapter 2?